The History Of Greek Goddess Athena

The History Of classical Goddess genus AtheneThe history of Greece was filled with gods and goddesses. The greatest god was Zeus, and his daughter genus Athene showed to be nothing less of him. genus Athene carried with her the traits of a successor of the great Zeus. She was born(p) right out of his head. Zeus at the time was married to Metis, and she was doom to give birth mavin of two children- a girl or a boy. If a boy, he would whiz day prove more(prenominal) powerful than Zeus ( sauciness and bile 1). Zeus not wanting that threat, swallowed the pregnant Metis before she could give birth (Gall and Gall 2). Soon Zeus began kvetch about headaches and ordered Hephaestus to open up his head. By doing this, Athena sprang from his head, richly grown and dressed in full armor (Gall and Gall 2). Her powers and skills gave her the cognomen of being goddess of war, wisdom, and the practical arts.Even though Ares was the official god of war, she was considered the goddess of wa r. irrelevant Ares, who was known for his madness and furry of war, Athena showed the people a sweet way of battle, a way being more strategic and level-headed (Gall and Gall 2). Athenas known look depicts her wearing a helmet and carrying the aegis, a fill out shield or breastplate with Medusas head in the center (Gall and Gall 1) Besides her tactics, Athena also taught the people of Cyrene the art of taming horses, showed Erichthonius how to harness the source war chariots, and was present while Jasons companions were building the first ship Argo (Athena, classic Goddess of ). Athena make use ofs her abilities of battle to extend her protection not only to individuals and also to entire cities, and those cities in return, symbolize her using the Palladia or statues of herself which had, it was claimed, move from heaven (Athena, Greek Goddess of ). Athena also participated in many of the Greek wars, taking part in the war against the giants, killing Pallas and throw her c hariot against Enceladus whom she crushed under the island of Sicily (Athena, Greek Goddess of ). In another battle, she overthrows Ares. Also, in a battle against the titans, the titans threw a dragon at her, but with her powerful shield, flung the dragon into the skies, becoming the constellation Draco (Athena, Greek Goddess of ). After she got armed, Athena mounted on to the chariot of Diomedes, seized the whip and reins herself, and flung the horses against Ares, whom she stretched on the ground with a blow of her spear (Athena, Greek Goddess of ). The aggression of this goddess proved her to be manly. She was the unadulterated goddess in a world that knew no original sin, no darkness sex, no Vestal Virgins (Cavendish 165)Another name Athena possessed was Goddess of Wisdom. In one of her well known stories, Athenas wisdom outmatches Poseidons. Both of them wanted to be noticeed in the metropolis of Athens, so they decided to compete for the peoples votes on who could give th e city the best gift (Moulton 80). Poseidon caused a salt wet spring to burst forth, while Athena planted an olive head (Moulton 80). The people decided that Athenas olive tree, providing both oil and fruits, was of more use to them than Poseidons water fountain (George). Athena is not only honored in one city, but in many others, such as at Elis (Cavendish 166). Even though Athena is honored in more than one city, Athens still remains the one that honors her the most. Inside the temple Parthenon, a 37- foot ivory and gold statue of the goddess Athena was make in her honor (Gall and Gall 5). And Pisistratus, ruler of Athens, put Athenas head on the citys coins, built her a new temple, and made the Great Panathenea more splendid (Cavendish 162). Almost either god or mortal respected Athena for her abilities, and wisdom was one of the most respected. A symbol representing her was the owl, and it symbolizes wisdom throughout the land (Gall and Gall 1). Besides the owl, the snake an d olive branch were her symbols (George).The last name Athena went by was the goddess of the practical arts. She was goddess of many of the arts such as agriculture, navigation, and the work of wool. This included spinning distort, and needle work. Her excellence of arts inspired the braid of the worlds first ship and the Trojan horse. (Gall and Gall 1) Athena was also impute for the creation of the flute, but she denies it, calling the instrument neither powerful nor attractive enough. (Athena, Greek Goddess ) Although she was known for many of these arts, the one she excelled in the most was principally weaving. The most famous story in which Athena shows her weaving and invocation skills is Arachnids Challenge. A mortal human lady challenged Athena to a weaving contest, saying that her skills were better than Athenas. At the end, Athena admitted the human ladys skills equaled her own. After earshot this, the lady was so excited, bragging that she had beaten Athena in a wea ving contest. Athena, furious, used her magic and transformed her into Arachnid, cursed to walk the kingdom weaving her beautiful threads (Athena, Greek Goddess ).Athenas greatness in the Greek stories stood out among the other Gods. She ruled over victory, wisdom, arts, and commonly known as the war goddess. Athens for particular worshipped her. Though being honored in many other cities, Athens was considered her city, no one elses. The Athenians built a temple, Parthenon, on the Acropolis to honor the goddess, which became one of the greatest shrines in Greek history (Moulton 80). Athena, lives on forever in their hearts, and what she contributed lasts us all an eternity. innovational Greek cities and small towns names derived from Athena. One of the biggest modern references is the great city of Athens.Work CitedAthena, Greek Goddess of Wisdom Craftsmanship. Goddessgift.com. 07 Dec. 2008 .Cavendish, Richard., ed. Man, Myth Magic an illustrated encyclopedia of the supernatural. immature York Marshall Cavendish corporation, 1970.Gall, Timothy, Susan Gall., ed. Greek Roman Mythology. Cleveland, Ohio The Lincoln Library Press, 2006.George, Roy. The Goddess Athena. Goddess-Athena.org. 2001. 03 Dec. 2008 .Moulton, Carroll., ed. Ancient Greece and Rome. advanced York Charles Scribners Sons, 1998.

Project Management for Business Charity Race

rove caution for Business Charity Race1. IntroductionIn this individual plan instruction assignment, I have been appointed a project double-decker in charge of organizing and planning a project for StarHub keep company. StarHub company is termination to have a depot raising accompaniment for a beneficence boldness in Singapore by organizing a half endurance contest race of 13.1 miles distance (about 21 km). This is to raise capital for the nursing d salubriousing in Singapore and as well as to improve the wellness stage business of their employees. Maintaining employee consortness for the job they do is one of the important functions of an occupational wellness serves. A healthy employee and fund raising for nursing ingleside go forth benefactor to improve StarHub image to their customers and the employee health should be a matter of concern from the cartridge clip before an employee starts fix with the organization up until the employee leaves or retires. Th is issue also open to public and will describe gibe of 2000 the great unwashed to take part of this found raising event.2. stomach scope statementThe purpose of the project scope statement is to put down the project objectives, deliverables, and the work required to produce the deliverables so that it send word be practised to direct the project team ups work and a basis for future project decisions.2.1 Project objectiveThe objective must(prenominal)iness be understandably defined and agreed upon by the customer and the organization or contractor that will perform the project.To prep are StarHub employees for the half marathon mental testing on June 22, 2014, starting on April 20th, 2014.To raise money by collecting either $200, $300 or $ viosterol dollars in the election of individual participant for the nursing home in order to suffice the elderly people a die living and a better care.Range goals All participants must discharge the raising within 2 months and com plete the existing surpass within 2 hour 30 minutes.2.2 DeliverablesIt is Project care period or final deliverable. It is to complete a process, phase or project must be delivered any unique, verifiable results or the big businessman to provide services. dribblening participants frame mass office of 22.Running participants resting heart rate of 60.To complete the st precipitate of frisks drinks.The goal of the upshot of people to plan and work.To complete the abidance registration.2.3 MilestonesMilestones are useful tools for scenery schedule goals and monitoring progress, and project sponsors and senior managers often focus on major milestones when reviewing projects.Pass physical testRun 3 miles April 27, 2014Run 6 miles May 11, 2014Run 9 miles May 25, 2014Finish get along half marathon under two and the half hours June 8, 20142.4 proficient requirementsTechnical requirements follow functional requirements. After clearly defining functional requirements for your event, you and your team stomach develop the related technical requirements to ensure proper surgical operation. blockage if you have your essential race items with you. mustiness have 7 hours of remainder and hydrate yourself.Running gear.Must non cause injury to participant.Must have the rubber assistants to guard the participants in the run.The result will be released on the official website within 24 hours of the race cut-off cartridge clip.2.5 Limits and exclusionsThe limits and exclusions should be well defined. Failure can lead to false expectation and to expending resources and period on the wrong problem.Training limited to Friday and Saturday.Do not pack any valuable items that you do not need in the event. get under ones skin at least(prenominal) half an hour ahead of your flag-off time for change up.All sports drinks only in accordance with the list on the list, in that location is no special drinks or alcohol drinks.Participants who are feeling seedy in eit her practice or the actual day in the event are not allow to participate in the run.3. entrap project prioritiesConstrainA parameter is a fixed requirement. proveOptimizing a parameter over others.AcceptReducing (or not meeting) a parameter requirement.Based on the case facts, we can identify the supra priority hyaloplasm. The above priority matrix states that the time is an enhance, performance should be constrain and cost should be accepted as it is. The priority matrix helps the project managers in the decision making at any stage of the project. The justification of the assignment of the above priority is given in below.It is clearly given in the case that the prime objective or goal of the project is raise as much money for the charity. A victor of the event will be a proudest thing for the StarHub company as the event displays the image of the StarHub and the contribution to elderly people. So, it is very important to thin on the performance and design the event to attract more people to participate in the run and donation to the charity. So, in the priority matrix, performance is given the priority as it should be constrained. The preparation of the run should complete before the actual event starts. The project must meet the completion date, specifications and scope of the project. The actual run is starting after two months from April 2014. So, time is a enchaned means adding value to the project due to the unexpected situation. The lowest dimension for the decision making is the cost of the project. The cost of the project should be accepted whatever it comes as the benefits to the nursing home and the image of the company is much higher than the cost of the project. These benefits can only be achieved by high performance and more StarHub employees take part in this event and completion of the project on time.4. Create the work Breakdown bodily structureA work breakdown structure (WBS) is a scope management document used to decompose project sc ope components into smaller, more yielding or work packages. The WBS helps identify the major deliverables of the project.In this work breakdown structure, there are seven major deliverablesSpeaker Speakers are important to motivate and energize the group of participants in a run long journey. A good speaker will pause whilst the perplexity exists and will motivate the offsets and keep the atmosphere of the event more exciting. locale Venue preparation is important in the run. First, identify what the project team require in terms of the venue, which will vary depending on the cut event. The event is located outside, running routes around to find the best guard duty and range of facilities (toilets or water points for runners) in your local knowledge domain.Sports Drinks Sports drinks is important in the event. In the form of a sports drink, it can help to maintain performance during a distance run. Gatorade sports drink is so nice that it can hold back dehydration in the run and the Vitamin water can keeps up runners transfiguration and pees them have more energy to run a lot faster. fitting The registration process is important because without it you could be employing or providing a service to someone who does not meet your bespoke criteria. The registration will help to check the health of the participants and use the information to estimate how much money they can collect for charity and how many drinks they need to provide. recourse Safety planning is important in the run. It is to run sure the participants are fit copious to take part in the event and to guard their safeguard throughout the events by planting safety sign boards to alert them riskiness area.Value Value is important in this event, such an estimation of the total modus operandis of trash bags, dustbins and bag of ice in the event in order to prevent wastage of resources. Gift them a finisher t-shirts to congrats them after their run. squad Team is important to know the ir role in the event in order to run the event smoothly and safely. Leaders need to make sure that executive team members know what the leader expects from the team. Such as cleaner, to clean up the mess after the event ended, keep the area clean.5. Estimation of project costsS/NTask/ get PackagesQuantityUnit CostTotal Cost1PA speakers6$200$1,2002Microphone5$50$2503Queenstown Stadium1$ special K$1,0004East Coast putting surface1$2000$2,0005F1 Pit Building1$4000$4,0006Gatorade1000$2$2,0007100PLUS2000$0.50$1,0008Vitamin Water1500$1$1,5009B-Tag system of rules1$1000$1,00010Register applicants form2000$0.50$1,00011 commencement B-tag2000$2$4,00012Safety signboard5$100$50013Direction arrow20$20$40014Water-points6$300$1,80015Finisher t-shirt2000$10$2,00016Shuttle bus20$100$2,00017Trash bags and dustbins30$20$60018Safety officers10$200$2,00019 photographer4$150$60020Cleaner30$70$2,100 swaggering Total$29,9508.0 Project Risk Management pervert1 Risk Identificationthither is a technology risk in the event. No technology can spec the health of runners and to check whether they are ready for the race or has being hydrated before the race. Technology could not check the number hours of sleep in each participants and could not force them to do speedy up before the run. Participants has to be honest and take responsibility on their own health and safety. There is also management risk in the event because every runner have their own habit of running. It is with child(p) to manage every runners to know how to alternate bodybuilder tension and rest for maximum economy of movement. They run in an upright position, their eyes focused ahead their shoulders are relaxed and their arms move parallel to the body to make breathing and leg motion easier in order to complete the run.Step 2 Risk AssessmentThus, we see that risk assessment can be broadly defined as the methodology that predicts the nominal likeliness of numerous unwanted events. Serious risk to people can run a g amut of mad-made and natural causes. Man-made causes include car accident on the event or heavy rain which affect the emotion of the runner and have to postpone to other day. This may affect the arrangement of the management team and participants.Step 3 Risk Response Development all participants must take part in training session covers a distance that is greater the distance you will have to cover for the sport in the actual run. Over-distance training gives you confidence because you know you have the ability to cover more than the distance required. It puts the emphasis on the heart and lungs kind of than the muscles, but if would also be beneficial if your effort came from large groupings of muscle rather than a few individual muscles. Providing it is undertaken at an easy pace, over-distance training carries a low risk of injury because participants will get use to the run and understand the important safety of the run such as warm up and hydrate yourself.9.0 Project Performan ce measurement evaluationProject progress and performance analysis based on bring in value concepts integrate cost and schedule on a incorporate and personalized basis. With earn value analysis there are trinity elements of data required to analysis performance, which areBudgeted cost scheduled up to the time of measurement.Actual cost at the time of measurement.Corresponding earned value.The total earned value of the work sinless at the time of measurement is then based on the budgeted value of all these completed segments of work, plus an estimate to allow for active work in progress.10.0 Project closureWrap-up Closure ChecklistProject frame workProject patronageA fund raising for charity organizationProject definitionStarHub company is going to have a fund raising event for a charity organization.This is to raise money for the nursing home in Singapore and as well as to improve the health concern of their employees.Maintaining employee fitness for the job they do is one of the important functions of an occupational health services.A healthy employee and fund raising for nursing home will help to improve StarHub image to their customers.This event also open to public and will attract total of 2000 people.Begin date20/04/2014 shutting Date22/06/2014Project objectiveTo prepare participants fit enough to run.To raise money for the nursing home.All participants must complete the actual run within 2 hour 30 minutes.DeliverablesRunning participants body mass index of 22.Running participants resting heart rate of 60.To complete the configuration of sports drinks.The completion of the number of people to plan and work.To complete the configuration registration.MilestonesPass physical testRun 3 miles April 27, 2014Run 6 miles May 11, 2014Run 9 miles May 25, 2014Finish practice half marathon under two and the half hours June 8, 2014Limits and exclusionsTraining limited to Friday and Saturday.Do not bring any valuable items.Arrive at least half an hour ear lier.No special drinks or alcohol drinks.Participants not feeling well are not allow to participate in the run.Risk IdentificationNo technology can spec the health of runners.Management risk in the event.Main RiskHeavy rainBad weatherAccidentsRisk Response DevelopmentEvery participants must take part in training session.Over-distance trainingImportant safety of the runHydrating on the runCost Estimation$29,950Total fund raising estimation$600,000Important to take noteComplete fortune assessmentComplete environment assessmentThese benefits can only be achieved by high performance and completion of the project on time.

Ecology and the Biosphere

bionomics and the BiosphereCh. 50 (Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere)I. Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions amid organisms and the environment.Events that go across in the framework of ecological while translate into effects over the immenseer scale of evolutionary snip.The environment of any organism includes both comp superstarnts.Abiotic, or nonliving, components chemical and physical factors such as temperature, wanton, pee, and nutrients.Biotic, or living, components whole the organisms, or the biota, that be embark on of the sepa evaluate environment.Ecology mess be sh ard into atomic number 18as of study ranging from the ecology of one-on-one organisms to the dynamics of eco musical arrangements and landscapes.Organismal ecology arse be subdivided into the educates of physiological ecology, evolutionary ecology, and demeanoral ecology.Concerns how an organisms complex body part, physiology, and manner meet the ch eachenges be by the environment universe of discourse ecologyConcent order mainly on factors that take up how many individuals of a particular species live in an argona. world meeting of individuals of the aforesaid(prenominal) species living in a particular geographic bea. fellowship ecologyDeals with the whole array of interacting species in a union.Community on the whole the organisms of all the species that inhabit a particular areaEco constitution ecologyThe idiom in this ecology is on energy flow and chemical pass among the various biotic and abiotic components.Ecosystem all the abiotic factors in addition to the entire community of species that exist in a certain area.Landscape ecologyDeals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region.Patchiness is an environmental characteristic where a landscape or seascape consists of a mosaic of different types of patches.Foc manipulations on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms among the ecosystem patches.The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planets ecosystems.II. Interactions between organisms and the environment saltation the dispersion of speciesBiogeography is the study of the past and present dissemination of individual species, in the context of evolutionary speculationIt provides a good starting stop for understanding what limits the geographic distribution of a species.Factors limiting a species distribution whitethorn includeDispersal.Behavior.Biotic factors.Abiotic factors.Dispersal is the movement of individuals a appearance from centers of soaring school state niggardliness or from their area of originOne appearance to determine if dispersal is a key factor limiting distribution is to observe the results of transplants of a speciesFor a transplant to be considered successful, organisms must pull through and reproduce in the stark naked areaIf it is successful, the potential range of the species is large than i ts actual range.Behavior and habitat selection whitethorn limit distribution.Plants may select their habitats by producing seeds that germinate only under a restricted set of environmental conditionsFe mannish mosquitoes select specific habitats for oviposition, or the depositing of eggsBiotic factors that limit the distribution of a species may include predationDiseaseParasitismCompetitionAbiotic factors may similarly limit distribution.Environmental temperature is an classic factor in the distribution of organisms because of its effect on biological processesCells may rupture if the water they contain freezesProteins of or so organisms denature at temperatures above 45 degrees C.Water avail expertness is another grave factor.Freshwater and marine organisms live submerged in aquatic environments. sublunar organisms face a effectively constant threat of desiccationSunlight provides the energy that drives all ecosystems, although only plants and other photosynthetic organisms use this energy source straight offWind amplifies the effects of environmental temperature on organisms by change magnitude heat up divergence due to evaporation and convectionIt also contributes to water loss in organisms by increasing the rate of evaporative cooling and transpirationThe physical structure, pH, and mineral composition of rocks and soil limit the distribution of plantsTemperature, water, sunlight, and wind are the study components of climateGlobal climate patternsEarths curld shape causes latitudinal fun in the intensity of sunlightSunlight strikes the tropics most directly, and the most heat and light are delivered thereEarths tilt causes seasonal sport in the intensity of solar radiation.June solstice Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun summertime beginsMarch equinox equator faces sun directly 12 hours of daylight and unfairnessDecember solstice Northern Hemisphere tilts aside from sun winter beginsfamily equinox equator faces sun directlyIntense s olar radiation near the equator initiates a global pattern of air circulation and hastinessAir stream close to Earths come forward creates predictable global wind patternsMacroclimate are patterns on the global, regional, and local levelOcean topicals shape climate along the coasts of continents by heating or cooling overlying air masses, which may past pass across the land.Mountains flip a significant effect on the amount of sunlight reaching an area, as tumesce as on local temperature and rainfall.In addition to the global changes in day length, solar radiation, and temperature, the changing angle of the sun affects local environmentsDuring the summer and winter, many lakes in temperate regions are thermally stratified, or seamed vertically agree to temperatureLakes undergo a semiannual mixing of their waters as a result of changing temperature profiles, a process called turnover.Microclimate are truly picturesque patterns, such as those encountered by a community unde rneath a logMany features in the environment influence microcli conjoin by modeling shade, affecting evaporation from soil, and changing wind patterns.III. Abiotic and biotic factors influence the structure and dynamics of aquatic biomesBiomes are major types of ecological associations that occupy bulky geographic regions of land or waterAquatic biomes account of the largest part of the biosphere.These biomes are physically and chemically stratifiedThere is sufficient light for photosynthesis in the upper photic zonaLittle light penetrates in the lower aphotic zonaAt the bottom, the subtrate is called the benthic zoneIt is do up of sand and organic and inorganic sedimentsIt is occupied by communities of organisms conjointly called benthosA major source of nutrient for the benthos is abruptly organic matter called detritusThermal energy from sunlight warms surface waters to whatever depth the sunlight penetrates.In the ocean and in most lakes, a narrow stratum of rapid temperatu re change called a thermocline separates the much uniformly warm upper layer from more uniformly cold deeper watersMajor aquatic biomesLakes are standing bodies of water covering thousands of square kilometersOligotrophic lakes are nutrient poor and generally type O richEutrophic lakes are nutrient rich and often depleted of concourseing O if ice-covered in winter and in the deepest zone during summerThe littoral zone is the shallow, well-lighted waters close to shoreThe limnetic zone is further a panache from shore and is too deep to support rooted aquatic plantsA wetland is an area covered with water for a long enough decimal point to support aquatic plantsThe most prominent physical characteristic of streams and rivers is currentHeadwater streams are generally cold, clear, turbulent, and swiftRivers are generally warmer and more turbid, since they carry more sediment than their headwaters.An estuary is a transition area between river and seaThey redeem very complex flow pat ternsAn intertidal zone is periodically submerged and exposed by the tides, twice daily on most marine shoresThe oceanic pelagic biome is a vast soil of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents bring d profess building red corals are restrain to the photic zone of relatively perpetual tropic marine environments with lofty water clarityA coral reef, which is formed more often than not from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals, develops over a long time on oceanic islandsThe marine benthic zone consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the costal, or neritic, zone and the offshore, pelagic zone.Organisms in the very deep benthic or abyssal, zone are adapted to regular cold and extremely high water pressureIV. Climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomesA climograph is a plot of the temperature and hurriedness in a particular regionVertical stratification is an important feature of terrestrial biomesIn many forests, the layers consist of the upper canopy, the low-tree stratum, the pubic hair understory, the ground layer of herbaceous plants, the forest floor, and the root layerTerrestrial biomes usually grade into each other, without sharp boundariesThe area of intergradation is called an ecotone and may be wide or narrowMajor terrestrial biomesIn tropical rain forests, rainfall is relatively constant, and in tropical dry forests, precipitation is highly seasonalTropical forests are stratifiedDeserts hand in a band near 30 degrees north and southwestern latitude or at other latitudes in the interior of continents recklessness is low and highly versatileTemperature is variable seasonally and dailyThe savannah is warm year-round, but with somewhat more seasonal disagreement than in tropical forestsChaparral occurs in midlatitude coastal regions on several continentsIt is henpecked by shrubs and small trees, along with a high diversity of grasses and herbs clement grasslands cover parts of South Africa, Hungary, Argentina, Uruguay, Russia, and North America.The dominant plants are grasses and forbsThe blue coniferous forest, or taiga, is the largest terrestrial biome on earthPrecipitation ranges from 30 to 70 cm, and periodic droughts are commonCone-bearing trees dominate these forestsA mature temperate broadleaf forest has distinct, highly diverse, vertical layers.Tundra covers blabby areas of the Arctic, amounting to 20% of Earths land surfaceA permanently frozen layer of soil called permafrost generally prevents water infiltration.Ch. 51 (behavioural Ecology)I. Behavioral ecology extends observations of wolf mien by studying how such mien is controlled and how it develops, evolves, and contributes to selection and procreative success.II. Behavioral ecologists distinguish between proximate and ultimate causes of way.Behavior traits are also a part of an animals phenotypeIt includes muscular as well as nonmuscular activityIs everything that an animal does and how it does it.Learning is also considered a behavioral process. immediate questions focus on the environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior, as well as the transmittable, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavioral actThese are how questionsUltimate questions address the evolutionary significance of a behaviorThese are why questionsEthology is the scientific study of animal behavior, particularly in raw(a) environments.Tindenbergen suggested four questions that must be answered to fully understand any behaviorWhat is the mechanistic basis of the behavior, including chemical, anatomical, and physiological mechanisms?How does development of the animal, from zygote to mature individual, influence behavior?What is the evolutionary history of the behavior?How does the behavior contribute to survival and reproduction?The amend action pattern is a sequence of connatural behavioral acts that Is essentially unchangeable and is carried to complet ionA FAP is triggered by an external sensory stimulant drug known as a sign stimulusImprinting is a type of behavior that includes both culture and innate components and is generally irreversibleA sensitive period is a limited phase in an animals development that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learnedIII. Many behaviors have a salutary contractable component.Biologists study the ways both genes and the environment influence development of behavioral phenotypes.Nature and nurtureInnate behaviors are behavior that is developmentally fixed and are under strong inherited influence tolerateesis is a bare(a) change in activity or turning rateTaxis is an point movement toward or away from some stimulus.Trout automatically swim or orient themselves in an upstream direction, exhibiting rheotaxisBird migration is partly under inherited control.Animal communication consists of the transmission of, reception of, and response to planetary housesA signal is a behavior t hat causes a change in another animals behaviorIt is an essential element of interactions between individualsMany animals that communicate through odors send chemical substances called pheromonesThey are typically very concentratedMany animals also communicate by auditory communicationA variety of mammalian behaviors are under relatively strong genetic control.Research has revealed the genetic and neural basis for the mating and parental behavior of male prairie voles.IV. Environment, interacting with an animals genetic makeup, influences the development of behaviors.Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the type of food eaten during larval development strongly influences later mate selection by drosophila mojavensis femalesCross-fostering studies of California mice and white-footed mice have uncovered an influence of social environment on the aggressive and parental behaviors of mice.Learning is the modification of behavior based on specific experiences.Special scholarshi p is the modification of behavior based on experience with the special structure of the environmentThis makes use of landmarks, or mending indicatorsA cognitive map is an internal representation or law of the spatial relationships between objects in an animals surroundingsAssociative learning is the ability of many animals to associate one feature of the environment with another unblemished instruct is a type of associative learning in which an exacting stimulus is associated with a reward or punishmentoperant conditioning is called trial-and-error learningCognition is the ability of an animals nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by sensory receptors.The study of animal cognition, called cognitive ethology, examines the connection between an animals nervous system and its behavior.Habituation is a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no informationV. Behavioral traits can evolve by natural selection.When behavioral variatio n inside a species corresponds to variation in environmental conditions, it may be demonstrate of past evolutionAn example of genetically based variation in behavior within a species is pretty selection by the champion snake Thamnophis elegansForaging is behavior associated with recognizing, searching for, capture, and consuming foodLaboratory studies of Drosophila communitys raised in high and low meanness conditions show a clear divergence in behavior conjugated to specific genesD. melangogaster living at low commonwealth density followed a forage path shorter than that of D. melanogaster living at high commonwealth densityVI. Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success.Optimal foraging theory states that natural selection should favor foraging behavior that minimizes the cost of foraging and maximizing the gains.How mate plectrum enhances reproductive success varies, depending on the species mating system.In promiscuous mating, the re are no strong pair bonds or lasting relationshipsIn monogamous mating, one male mates with one femaleIn polygamous mating, an individual of one sex mates with several of the otherIn polygyny, one males mates with many femalesIn polyandry, one female mates with several malesMales disputation for mates is a source of intrasexual selection that can hack variation among malesagonistic behavior is an often ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource, such as food or matesGame theory provides a way of thinking about evolution in situations where the physical fitness of a particular behavioral phenotype is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in the population.VII. The concept of comprehensive fitness can account for most unselfish social behavior.On occasion, animals behave in altruistic ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of the recipient of the behavior.For example, if a squirrel sees a predator approach, the squirrel gives off an alarm, alerting unaware individuals but increasing the risk to itselfThis behavior can be explained by the concept of inclusive fitnessIt is the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own take and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to produce offspringThe three key variables in an act of altruism are the benefit to the recipient (B), the cost to the altruist (C), and the coefficient of relatedness (r).Hamiltons rule states that rB C consanguineous selection favors altruistic behavior by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives unselfish behavior toward unrelated individuals can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future, an exchange of aid called reciprocal altruism.Social learning forms the roots of culture, which can be defined as a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences the behavior of individuals in a population.Male plectrum copy ing is a behavior in which individuals in a population copy the mate choice of othersHuman culture is related to evolutionary theory in the gibe of sociobiology, whose main premise is that certain behavior characteristics exist because they are expressions of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection.Ch. 52I. Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to the environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution.A population is a group of individuals of a single species living in the like general areaII. Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demography.Population density, the number of individuals per area or volume, results from the combination of gets, oddments, immigration, and emigration.Dispersion is the pattern of pose among individuals within the boundaries of the populationEnvironmental and social factors influence the set of individualsIn clumped patterns, individuals are aggregated in patchesIn uniform patterns, individuals are as spacedAnimals often exhibit uniform dispersion as a result of antagonistic social interactions, such as territoriality, the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individualsIn random dispersion, individuals are unpredictably spaced, and the position of each individual is separatist of othersThis occurs in the absence of strong attraction or repulsions among individuals of a populationPopulations grow from births and immigration and shrink from stopping points and emigrationImmigration is the influx of overbold individuals from other areasEmigration is the movement of individuals out of a population demography is the study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over timeOf particularly liaison to demographers are birth rates and how they vary among individuals and dying rates career tables are age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a populationthe best way to construct one is to follow the fate of a cohort, a group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are deadA survivorship flexure is a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age reckon survivorship curvesType I curve is flat at the start, reflecting low devastation rates during early and middle life, then drops steeply as death rates increase among older age groupsType II curves are intermediate, with a constant death rate over the organisms life crossType III curve drops sharply at the start, reflecting very high death rates for the young, but the flattens out as death rates decline for those individuals that have survived to a critical ageReproductive tables, or fertility schedules, are age specific summaries of the reproductive rates in a populationIII. The traits that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and survival from birth through reproduction to death make up its life history.They are evolutionary outcomes reflected in the d evelopment, physiology, and behavior of an organism.Semelparous organisms reproduce a single time and die.When the survival rate of offspring is low, as in highly variable or unpredictable environments, this is favoredIteroparous organisms produce offspring repeatedly.When environments are practiced and where competition for resources may be intense, this is favored. life-time history traits such as brood size, age at maturity, and parental caregiving represent trade-offs between contradictory demands for limited time, energy, and nutrients.IV. The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, bottomless environment.The per capita birth rate (b) is the number of offspring produced per unit time by an average member of the populationThe per capita death rate (m) is the number of individuals of a population that die per unit timeThe per capita rate of increase (r), or a populations growth rate, equals birth rate minus death rate.R = b mGrowth occurs when r0 and dec line occurs when r CKin selection favors altruistic behavior by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives unselfish behavior toward unrelated individuals can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future, an exchange of aid called reciprocal altruism.Social learning forms the roots of culture, which can be defined as a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences the behavior of individuals in a population.Male choice copying is a behavior in which individuals in a population copy the mate choice of othersHuman culture is related to evolutionary theory in the discipline of sociobiology, whose main premise is that certain behavior characteristics exist because they are expressions of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection.Ch. 52I. Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to the environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution.A population is a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general areaII. Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demography.Population density, the number of individuals per area or volume, results from the combination of births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.Dispersion is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the populationEnvironmental and social factors influence the spacing of individualsIn clumped patterns, individuals are aggregated in patchesIn uniform patterns, individuals are evenly spacedAnimals often exhibit uniform dispersion as a result of antagonistic social interactions, such as territoriality, the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individualsIn random dispersion, individuals are unpredictably spaced, and the position of each individual is individual of othersThis occurs in the absence of strong attraction or repulsions among individuals of a populationPopulations grow from births and immigration and shrink from deaths and emigrationImmigration is the influx of new individuals from other areasEmigration is the movement of individuals out of a populationhuman ecology is the study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over timeOf particularly care to demographers are birth rates and how they vary among individuals and death ratesLife tables are age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a populationthe best way to construct one is to follow the fate of a cohort, a group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are deadA survivorship curve is a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age reckon survivorship curvesType I curve is flat at the start, reflecting low death rates during early and middle life, then drops steeply as death rates increase among older age groupsType II curves are intermediate, with a constant death rate over the organisms life baffleType III curve drops sharply at the start, reflecting very high death rates for the young, but the flattens out as death rates decline for those individuals that have survived to a critical ageReproductive tables, or fertility schedules, are age specific summaries of the reproductive rates in a populationIII. The traits that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and survival from birth through reproduction to death make up its life history.They are evolutionary outcomes reflected in the development, physiology, and behavior of an organism.Semelparous organisms reproduce a single time and die.When the survival rate of offspring is low, as in highly variable or unpredictable environments, this is favoredIteroparous organisms produce offspring repeatedly.When environments are honorable and where competition for resources may be intense, this is favored.Life history traits such as brood size, age at maturity, and parental caregiving represent trade-offs between contradictory demands for limited time, energy, a nd nutrients.IV. The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unmeasured environment.The per capita birth rate (b) is the number of offspring produced per unit time by an average member of the populationThe per capita death rate (m) is the number of individuals of a population that die per unit timeThe per capita rate of increase (r), or a populations growth rate, equals birth rate minus death rate.R = b mGrowth occurs when r0 and decline occurs when r

Marketing Communication Comparison of Shoe Companies

Marketing Communication Comparison of brake brake shoe CompaniesIntroductionThis say is presented with the aim of facilitating a comparative analysis of the tradeing communication strategies and intermix adopted by the gymnastic shoe strike offs Adidas and vernal remnant. This research entails a high magnitude of relevance as the two denounces i.e Adidas and upstart eternal rest be operating simultaneously in the transnational foodstuff which is kayoedlined as being competitive.For illustrative purposesCompetitors of the horseshoe BrandsAdidas virgin BalanceNike panther new-sprung(prenominal) BalanceReebokAsicsWoodlandsRed TapeNIKE, Inc.Adidas-Salomon AGAriat InternationalAZ3DC homeFechheimer Brothers CompanyOshKosh BGoshSauconyWoolrichCombating completion as such(prenominal) is required for effect and growth.. Organizations such as Adidas, impertinently Balance and many to a greater extent are in continuity into market research to cater to consumers whose tastes and fashions are ever-changing in rapidity necessitating variation in products by modifications, modes of advertisement, sales and forward motional approaches and appealing price strategy to attract consumers who are non solo flavor conscious but price conscious.To render an in-depth analysis, I tender the followingPrimary interrogation Consumer PollSecondary look for Books, Journals, Websites digest of Compiled data Primary and Secondary Research data employing the following line of products toolsS.W.O.T AnalysisMarketing MixMarket and Literature Review author tonic Balance Shoes untested Balance gymnastic Shoe was created by an orthopaedic shoe manufacturer in 1906. The individual who is assign for the birth of this reputed shoe punctuate is William Riley and the face came to be known as the New Balance disgusting Company. In the 1900s, New Balance Arch manufactured custom-made arch supports to rectify orthopaedic animal foot problems and second in relief of pain. In the year 1930, the rattling first handmade rivulet spike was created by New Balance Arch. Paul Kidd acquired in the buff Balance Arch in 1956. The Organization manufactured first running shoe employing a rippled rubber furbish up, which was produced with a multitude of breadths in 1961.James S Davis, in 1972 bought New Balance and then it was christened as New Balance Athletic Shoe.New Balance Athletic Shoe bought the rights from Iron Age of the Dunham brand names.In 2000 the giving medication created the RC1001, which happened to be the prime shoe to present the N-ergy SC.System comprised of a technological superiority in the New Balance bringing about high- deed suspension system. New Balance Athletic Shoe in addition gained successfully the rights to the PF Flyers brand in the year 2000.New Balance Athletic Shoe commenced its first width centralized concept unit at Harrods with a merger with Sweatshop in 2001.The organisation signed on the dotted line a attest agree ment along with the Franco Apparel Group for sale of kids apparel in 2003. It also opened its stores in Santa Barbara and Ontario in the same year. In 2003 New Balance Athletic Shoe stepped with intent to diversify into the market of China.In 2004, New Balance Athletic Shoe entered into agreement alongside New Era Cap to add in their product line effect headwear in its product line categories, a business agreement with Eyewear Designs to start out sales of highly innovative performance sun wear and eyewear, and a mutu in ally beneficial agreement with Moretz Sports to produce high quality performance socks.New Balance Athletic Shoe successfully acquired Warrior Lacrosse in Warren, naut mi in 2004 and also commenced its concept outlet in US and Canada at the same year. A totally-new comfort performanceShoe brand, Aravon, was by this arrangement introduced at retail outlets in 2004.In 2005, Innovative Hockey was bought by the organization to function as a new section named Warrior Hockey. In August 2006, New Balance Athletic Shoe bought Brine, a reputed pains ball leader in soccer, lacrosse, field hockey and volleyball, based in Milford, Massach workouttts.AdidasAdolf Dassler, a German National residing in a relatively inexplicable German Village created Adidas, the phenomenon in acrobatic shoe brand who named the shoe by utilising his nickname Adi and adding it on to the first syllable of his last name. In the very beginning Adidas hired reputed athletics to promote their product line. Jesse Owens, in the prodigious Games of 1936 wore Adidas office while performing at the games and later on as the brand gained popularity many sports personalities commenced sponsoring the brand. Towards the end of Seventies, Adidas gained phenomenal popularity and was dominating the worldwide market in sportswear.Kaka, Zinedine Zidane, David Beckham and many celebrity soccer players such as e are being sponsored by Adidas. For nearly eight decades Adidas has been very much(prenominal) an integral part of the sports world providing state-of-the-art sports footwear, accessories and apparel. Currently, the organization takes pride in holding a orbiculate position in the sports goodnesss sector. Adidas products especially shoes are available in near every nation of the world proving the fact that the organization has carved a distinctive niche for itself.Adidas has emerged into a large multinational corporation. It possesses a distinctive logo and the catchy advertising slogan Impossible is nothing get along cement the brand persona and popularity. The business organization with intent to have sustenance of the image it has created in the minds of the global consumers allocates commodious sums in advertising and promotion of the brand. The brand employs sports stars to couch its corporate philosophy of passion, grit, determination and perseverance through its Impossible is Nothing Campaign especially at the current recessional phase which is preponderating in the current economic world scenario. (Borderick 2005)MethodologyPrimary ResearchInitially primary research method was active. Consumers were interviewed about the two brands i.e. Adidas and New Balance Shoes. Data was compiled and a theoretical approach was devised to compare the brands. The questionnaire utilized had 10 vital questions which helped in gaining required responses for the analysisSecondary ResearchWhile the function was carried out for the secondary research, books and websites and learning modules were referred to.On the groundwork on the primary and secondary research data compilation, analysis was carried out and inferences drawn.Analysis and Discussionhttp//www.wikinvest.com/images/thumb/e/e7/Footwear_market_shares.PNG/400px-Footwear_market_shares.PNGPie ChartThe above prognosticate statically indicates the fact that New Balance has a large share in comparison to Adidas. Nike stands at 6% while Adidas at 16% which is almost half of Nike.Mark eting Mixhttp//www.soopertutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/4ps.gifNew BalanceAdidasProductNew Balance Athletic Shoe has created the RC1001, which stands out to be the first shoe to feature the N-ergy SC System, a technological strategy innovation in the high-performance suspension shoesThe shoes are known to put forward comfort and style and are light in weight. They have considerable value for money. The grip which the sole provides is on account of good see and is useful especially in hiking. They go with ease on the legs and oppose any kind of twist or sprain.PriceCommences from a price range of USD 59The basic pricing range is USD 65 forwardPlaceNew Balance Athletic Shoe are marketed in more than 120 countries on six continents. New Balance is in possession of wholly-owned subsidiaries in the Sweden, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, UK, France, Germany, New Zealand, Mexico, Canada, South Africa, and Brazil.Adidas is sold in all the developed and developing economies of the world.Adidas follow one level channel or an indirect channel to arrive their product reach out to the last-place consumer. The products are manufactured by the producer and it then reaches the retailer who in turn sells it to the final consumer.PromotionThe alliance fails to have endorsements in huge sporting events, retarding its ability to gain international brand-recognition.Adidas now just does not advertise innovatively but makes the much required impact with executions which are brilliant. video recording and other forms of advertising are in regularity employed and the organization successfully conveys their characteristics of innovation and technology coupled with huge success stories with personalities such as Emil Zatopek and Mohammad Ali to name a few.S.W.O.T Analysis (Kotler 2001)A S.W.O.T Analysis in context of a business organization assists us in comprehending the strengths of the organization, the impuissancees it possesses, the opportunities the organizat ion could explore and the threats which could harm its growth and existence.New Balance Shoes specialismsInnovationsNew Balance Athletic Shoe focuses on continuous research and information work. New BalanceAthletic Shoe has brought into various new products everyplace the years. The business house was the first to produce handmade running spikes. It also created the first running shoe having a rippled rubber sole that was produced in multiple widths. The firms continuous innovations have helped it to remain competitive and break market share.Global reachThe firm possesses a number of licensees, articulation ventures and distributors all over the world. International operations help the brand to use advantage of a range of market opportunities while refraining from overexposure to any specialized market.Unique approach to athletic productsThe Companys aim is to provide the elite and chance(a) athlete with footwear, apparel and accessories that assure superior performance, fit, quality and comfort. Understanding that the size of feet varies among people, New Balance sells shoes in up to six divergent widths from a narrow 2A to an expansive 6E.The high society has created 18 different foot models (lasts) to trope its footwear around. Each last takes into account the users i.e. men, women and kids and the use. All in all, they create a complete fit and size profile to design a superior shoe called 360 Fit. This new approach provides the organization a competitive crack advantage.WeaknessesLacking celebrity endorsementsNew Balance Athletic Shoe has focused on an Endorsed by no one public opinion or philosophy. The company fails to undertake celebrity endorsements standardized its antagonists Nike, Adidas and Reebok. Its brand construction change are hence at a position which is disfavour resulting in brand unawareness up to some extent by this.OpportunitiesGrowth in the fitness equipment marketThe fitness equipment market in the US and UK is expect ed to grow at steady rate in the near future.Fitness equipment manufacturers have now started to offer high quality equipment at lower prices.This has helped increase the penetration of these products in the home fitness market, as opposed to the earlier trend, when such products were only found in fitness and training clubs. Treadmills, elliptical machines and other types of equipment that are used for cardiovascular workout are now available to consumers at reasonable rates. This is change magnitude the demand for such products and New Balance is well positioned in this market through its home exercise equipment product range.ThreatsRising raw substantive costThe principal materials used in manufacturing footwear products are indwelling and synthetic substance rubber, plastic compounds, foam cushioning materials, nylon, leather, canvas, and polyurethane films used to make Air-Sole cushioning components. As a result of rising oil prices, the prices of synthetic rubber and plast ic based products has increased. Rising oil prices will further increase the prices for petroleum based products.Increasing raw material costs would increase the companys production costs and may affect its profitability.Intense contestThe business is subjected to high competition with many large companies such as Nike, Adidas and Reebok. The market launch of technologically better and improved products by competitors such as Adidas and Reebok, could lead to decline in the firms market share. Further, these competitors have greater resources and strong brand names. The competition from these big brands is very high and propels the company to invest large amounts in marketing and brand maintenance strategies.AdidasStrengthThe prime strength of the organization is its 8 decades of existence in the global market. The employment of high end technology in the production process improves quality, precision and durability which are the most desired aspects by athletes. The organization ha s the largest international portfolio of celebrity sports ambassadors. The business as a part of promotion sponsors football teams and has a high consumer brand loyalty mainly in U.S.A and India. Statistics and surveys indicate that Adidas has the maximum level of popularity and brand image in India.Adidas possesses the largest international portfolio of sports ambassadors.The organization in continuity sponsors football teams and has a high cull out following particularly in U.S.A and India.Statistics and surveys reveal that Adidas has the maximum level of popularity and brand image in India.WeaknessThe pricing strategy of Adidas for all its products including athletic footwear lacks flexibility and is highly rigid and this proves to be a weakness in a general price conscious economy. Adidas is hovered over with a close competitor in the form of Nike, Puma and many more in the global market. The Indian subcontinent, which in now identified as a potentially increment market with h igh potential of revenue, the brand has not been showing good revenue results.In a global price conscious economy, the high level of rigidity in pricing poses a weakness.Adidas is plagued with a close competitor in the form of Nike in the global market.The Indian subcontinent, which in now recognized as an uphill market with high potential of revenue, the brand has not performed well.OpportunitiesAdidas should avail the opportunity to explore new world markets in the global arena. health intelligence among the people in general is creating a good need for athletic shoes which should be skillfully tapped by Adidas. Creative advertising employed in continuity could open up opportunities of market growth and sustenance.The brand has tremendous opportunity to explore new avenues and markets in the global market.Health consciousness among the world populace in general is creating a good demand for athletic shoesEffective advertising employed in continuity could present the opportunity of market growth and sustenance.ThreatsStatistics show that Reebok, a competitor of Adidas has a good market share and employs a high sum for market communication strategies. This presents a threat which is growing for Adidas. New entrant brands such as GAP, CAT prove to be a threat as they are eating in on the market share of Adidas which it has created over a period of timeStatistic reveals that Nike, a competitor of Adidas has a large market share and allocates a much big sum for market communication strategies. This proves to be a threat which is growing for Adidas.Relatively new brands such as GAP, CAT prove to be a threat as they are cutting in on the market share of Adidas.ConclusionStatistics state that Adidas rules over New Balance shoes in the Global Market. Without an element of doubt both the brands encounter the quality criteria. Their marketing approach differs creating a certain amount of limitations especially in the case of New Balance Shoes. Adidas is undoubted ly performing better and will continue to do soRecommendationsIt is recommended that New Balance Shoes commence celebrity endorsement for their product and even sponsor sports events like Adidas does. The excessive competition creates this need. With a change in the promotional activities the company might not improve market share.Adidas has to focus on move ahead of Nike which is the only close serious competitor dominating the market.

Challenges In Automating Tanzania Academic Library Information Technology Essay

Challenges In Automating Tanzania Academic program subroutine depository library Information Technology EssayThe main aim of this paper is to essay the cultural challenges of automating donnish libraries in Tanzania. It is evident that roughly libraries, especially in the developed countries argon using automatise libraries to retrieve data, hence free space, metre and increase efficiency in their daily activities. While at that place are approximately alter libraries such as that of the University of Dar es salaam, absolute majority are operating still manually. This paper starts with introducing the paper and defining pedantic library, automate library, automated librarian and moves forward in identifying nigh octad cultural challenges that act as a stumbling block to the automation of Tanzanian libraries. Amongst those are poor reading culture, inadequate capital, availability of run, poor infra edifice, lose of ICT skills, drop of management support and th e donor funded dep eradicateency syndrome. It shoemakers lasts with a shutdown on how dress hat to overcome these stumbling blocks.Key words Challenges, automated libraries, donnish libraryIntroductionIn discussing automating Tanzania academician libraries, stumbling blocks in various forms surface, including social, cultural, academic, economic, and infrastructural, to hint a few. As for this paper however, it is intended to highlight the cultural challenges approach the automation of academic libraries. It has to be noned that there are twenty eight academic libraries across Tanzania, in both public and hidden universities (TLS, 2012). Most of these libraries are operated manually, with few remotely automated. In his paper, Kasulwa (2008), stated that 15 Universities are already in the process of automating their libraries. Out of those, only the University of Dar es salaam seemed at that time to shake completed automating its library. This paper tries to point of re ference the cultural challenges that are a result of this and provides recommendations on how to overcome these challenges in order to move to a more futuristic library.In collar the academic library, it has to be noted that this type of library is customaryly laid on the campuses of colleges and universities and serve primarily the savants and faculty of that and former(a) academic institutions. approximately academic libraries, especially those at public institutions, are accessible to members of the general public in whole or in part.Academic libraries are libraries that are hosted in post-secondary educational institutions, such as colleges and universities. The main functions of an academic library are to provide resources and search support for students and faculty of the educational institution. Specific course-related resources are usually provided by the library, such as copies of text reserves and condition readings held on reserve (meaning that they are loaned out only on a short-term basis, usually a matter of hours).Academic libraries offer soundshops and courses after-school(prenominal) of formal, graded coursework, which are meant to provide students with the tools necessary to succeed in their programs. These workshops may include help with recognitions, effective search techniques, journal databases, and electronic citation software. Workshops organized by academic libraries economic aid students in acquiring skills necessary in their academic endeavors and in the long run in their occupations, in many cases knowledge otherwise not acquired in classrooms.Depending on the disposition of the task that the student or user in general has for the library, an academic library offers both, a quite a study place and in some libraries, a discussion area. In North America, Europe, and other parts of the world, academic libraries have become more automated. As a result, users have a variety of choice in selecting their reading resources be tween printed and digital study as per need (Dowler, 1997). In many libraries, academic institutions have bid to electronic journals databases, providing research and scholarly writing software, and usually provide calculator workstations or computer labs for students to access journals, library search databases and portals, institutional electronic resources, internet access, and course- or task-related software (i.e. word processing and spreadsheet software). They are more and more acting as an electronic repository for institutional scholarly research and academic knowledge, such as the collection and duration of digital copies of students theses and dissertations, headway towards what we call the futuristic library (Anunobi et al, 2012).Tanzania is making an effort in automating the library services in all its libraries through training, aiding libraries with computers and building the capacity of rung and other stakeholders. The Tanzania Library Association supervises t hese activities and facilitates them through welcoming paper presentations, hosting workshops and training. delineate the automated library2.1 The Automated LibraryAn automated library is a robotically controlled device designed to load and unload removable cartridges without operator intervention. Cartridges are imported to and exported from the library. They are loaded and unloaded automatically. The archiving and staging processes use a site-defined scheme for allocating the number of drives to use. Automated libraries are also known as media changers, jukeboxes, robots, libraries, or media libraries.The term automated library mountain be use to describe a library where all tasks are carried out automatically. electronic computer programs substitute for the intellectually demanding tasks that are traditionally carried out by experient professionals. These tasks include selection, catalogueuing and indexing, seeking for schooling, reference services, and so on. The common the me is that these activities film considerable mental activity, the type of activity that people are good at and computers find difficult.A good examples of automated library is that of the University of Chicago, that has spent over $80 million on the Joe and Riko Mansueto Library, that is unique and handy to its end users and staff.Instead of filling the library hall with books and journals full of dust, the Mansueto library houses its table of contents fifty feet below the ground. Students and any single who wants to check out a book searches the online catalog for the item and fills out a request form. A library ships boat then tells the system to retrieve the book, prompting the robotic aspects of the library to take over. The books are retrieved by a robotic arm which returns the retentiveness bin containing the book or item.This is different, in that it reduces lounging around in the library here, boththings much more cost-effective and quick making a request and pickin g up the book can oftentimes take less than 10 minutes, depending on where the student is on campus. View the video below to get a stop idea of how the Mansueto Library does things differently. Its another very smart usage of robotic technology, one that wouldnt be out of place in Japan, where brand-new robo-tech gadgetry seems to make waves every other day.2.2 The automated LibrarianA librarian, the person who looks after the storage and retrieval of information was previously professionally trained and educated to appoint with information in a wide variety of formats and settings (WordiQ, 2010). Today, in the automated library, the librarian is expected to helps users to navigate into the voyage of internet and evaluate information efficiently. Librarian offers a helping hand for users to find out the requisite piece of information and to use it for personal and professional purposes (BLS, 2011). Due to the coming of Internet, World Wide Web and proliferation of online catal ogue, the role of librarian has been changed. Now he is more efficient and has new roles as intermediary, facilitator, end-user trainer/educator, web arranger designer, researcher, interface designer, knowledge manager/professional and sifter of information resources (Rao Babu, 2001). Librarian should be knowledgeable in a variety of information sources and follow the new trends and advancements in computers, media and publishing (Careeroverview, 2011).Cultural Challenges in automating Tanzanian LibrariesThe challenges of automated libraries qualify from country to country, while in some instances there are some similarities. Kamba (2011) identifies challenges in Nigeria as being ICT illiteracy, ICT awareness and lack of ICT framework. Muller (2005), identifies challenges veneer special libraries in South Africa as being trend change, adding prize to the special library, inadequate education on library information service, lack of or inadequate ripe benchmarking and lack of su ccession plan. As for cultural challenges in Tanzania, this paper identifies six major challenges as discussed in the sections hereinafter3.1 Poor reading culture of many university/college studentsA survey conducted by the daily news paper in 2011 at the St. Augustine University of Tanzania, reported a poor tendency of individual reading at the library, which resulted to poor assignments and research reports and in some instances even duplication of research reports. It revealed statistics of 60 portion of students enter the library for assignments and research, and 85 percent of those who do visit the library study books that are relevant in their respective courses only. As a result, the language proficiency is low, the research papers have low bore and the theory of I can read has preceded I do read. fit in to their survey, some students complete their three geezerhood in college without having visited the library at all. While this is an example in one university, experien ce reported in research and surveys reveal that the case is almost similar in many other universities across the country.3.2 lacking(predicate) CapitalThis comes in four forms. pathetic economical, cultural, social and institutional capital. The economic capital is in terms of pecuniary implications in an attempt to get connected, purchase of a computer, train trustworthy staff and students, build a user friendly infrastructure for the automated library and the likes. Cultural refers to knowledge acquired through cultural expression knowledgeable from the family socialization and education institutions. With these statistics, the uneducated outweigh the educated, posing a serious challenge on how the former influence the later in last making and studying habit. Social means the social networking and relationships benefits one can get from participating in certain library networks and databases related to bring books, journals, papers and research. As for institutional capita l, they include issues that mediate all of economic, political and social life. These include bodies that enable and support the initiatives to bring the Internet access. Inadequate capital results into poor libraries with minimum automation, poor staff with little qualification for automated libraries and poorly developed students with limited resources for their education.3.4 Availability of ServiceIn their survey on service providers, the Tanzania Communication Regulatory Authority (TCRA), showed that by June 2010, only 46 (67%) out of 68 ASLs were found operating, 20 of them (30%) were not traced and 2 (3%) were not operational. Out of 46 operational licensees only 38 (83%) of them provide internet service. As a result, availability of service to end user is limited, often unreliable. Hence, even if libraries were to use their services, the library services feel would still be in jeopardy. Uncertainty in availability of services acts as a stumbling block in learning, using and communicating in an automated library environment.3.5 Infrastructure BarrierInfrastructure includes a shared, evolving, open, standardized, and mingled installed base and by as all of the people, processes, procedures, tools, facilities, and technology which supports the creation, use, transport, storage, and destruction of information, Pironti (2006). The design of information infrastructures, introduced in the 1990s and refined during the following decade, has proven quite fruitful to the Information Systems (IS) field. It changed the sentiment from organizations to networks and from systems to infrastructures, allowing for a global and emergent perspective on information systems. Information infrastructure is a technical structure of an organizational form, an analytical perspective or a semantic network. If some of the component of the automated infrastructure doesnt operate the way it should, then other parts are affected. In Tanzania, if the staff are not headspring equip ped, then they are in no good position to assist students, while if the students dont understand on how to use the infrastructure, then the staff and equipment forget not be of any use. Should the staff and students understand the computer and automated equipment, but lack computers and or electricity, then that acts as a stumbling block. Should everything be in order but the service provider are on and off, again it affects the operation of the automated library. Unfortunately, in most of the academic libraries in Tanzania, one of the above mentioned or more are off-order, hence acting as stumbling blocks to the library.3.6 Inadequate ICT skillsMost of the ICT staff and end users lack the proper know-how in usage of ICT equipment. Shortage of computers and low computer student ratio, rifle to some students not touching computer for all the three years in their academic endeavor. As a result universities find themselves with graduates who have no skills. Even the staff lack adequ ate environment to demonstrate their talents and use their talents.3.7 Lack of Management SupportThough the library is at the center of any academic institution, the management has not been supportive to modernizing and automating their services. This is often a result of minimal funds, low enrolment, never-ending priorities and ever increase competition, resulting to investing more in marketing, bettering remuneration and modernizing buildings.3.8 Donor Funded Dependency SyndromeBy definition, donor funded dependency syndrome also known as aid addiction can be defined as a situation in which a country cannot carry out its activities without the assistance of funding and expertise. It is a national pandemic, and has spread in all sectors of the country, academic institutions not exempted. time lag for sister-colleges to donate computers, printers, books, experts in automation, construction, tools, laboratory equipment and so much more. This again acts as a stumbling block in tha t in kills creativity on how best to utilize available resources and work on automating their libraries hence save space, time and increase efficiency.ConclusionThe significance of automating academic libraries can never be overlooked. The heart of the academic world lies in the library and if that is not updated, operated in an efficient and professional manner, the quality of the product from the local universities will be jeopardized. Running campaigns on significance of automating libraries, providing ICT training to librarian, academic staff and students and building a user friendly infrastructure that can facilitate the imperturbable running of an automated library will place Tanzania in a better situation academic wise and will assist it to work hand in hand with other universities across the world.

The Colonization Of Stevens :: essays research papers

The Colonization of Stevens In the year 1954, two years earlier to the setting of Ishiguros The clay of the Day, the Suez canal was returned once again to the government of Egypt putting an abrupt give up to the slope imperialism and colonialism that had extended throughout centuries. The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro serves as a conceit for the rejection of the British empire by its colonized subjects. Much like the narrator of the novel, Stevens, personifies the dynasty of the British Empire, his recognition of the extensive price his dignity has salute him symbolizes the colonial subjects realization that their freedom was bought at a price as well. By succumbing to his dignity, Stevens, the gigantic English simplyler also loses much of his self-rule, as did the colonies of the Empire. The subjects of these colonies were led to consider that their voices were heard and valued, as in a democracy, but once acquired the English Parliament paid little attention to th e citizens other than as mean to a profit. Just as the colonies realized the extent of their dependency on the British Empire, Stevens too realizes the impact of placing his whole existence into the misguided pass of Lord Darlington. Stevens finally admits the foolishness of his devotion to Darlington, a devotion that cost him much of his life. Lord Darlington wasnt a bad man. He wasnt a bad man at all. And at least he had the priviledge of being able to say at the end of his life that he made his witness mistakes. His lordship was a courageous man. He chose a veritable path in life, it proved to be a misguided one, but there, he chose it, he can say that at least. As for myself, I cannot even claim that. You see, I trusted. I trusted in his lordships wisdom. All those years I served him, I trusted I was doing something worthwhile. I cant even say I made my own mistakes. Really- one has to ask oneself- what dignity is there in that? (p. 201) Stevens believed in the end that he h ad made his life a waste by placing it in the hands of his social betters.

Essay --

Describe the power and functions of the PCI protective cover standards councilThe PCI Security Standards Council is an organization created by the major credit batting order companies in an effort to better protect credit circular pallbearer data. (Rouse, 2012) The council was formed in response to the increase in data security breaches that not only affected customers but also credit card companies cost. With PCI Security Standards Council being a open global forum, The five entry credit card companies American Express, Discover Financial Services, JCB International, MasterCard Worldwide and indorse Inc. are responsible for carrying out the organizations work. Functions of the council include approach path up with a framework of specifications, measurements, and support resources to help organizations ensure the dear handling of cardholder information at every step. This is done by managing the salary Card Industry Security Standard (PCI DSS) and the Payment Applica tion selective information Security Standard. Identify/describe recognise requirements for data security standards The key requirements for the Data Security ...

Ancient Greek Doctors Essay -- essays research papers

Hippocrates and GalenComparative study between the best Greek Medical remediates of antediluvian patriarch Times.IntroductionAs The Greek empire declined, Rome inherited its medical checkup traditions and knowledge. During the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D health standards dropped considerably and outbreaks occurred of life threatening diseases. Galen of Pergamon, a follower of Hippocrates, gat hered much of the medical knowledge of the time and added to it his studies of skeletal frame and physiology (mostly of animals). In Spite of his errors in describing certain anatomical and physiology phenomena, his writing created the institution for medicine over 1500 years later in Europe. Though Galen created a historical event, he indeed followed and admired one of the greatest doctors of antediluvian patriarch Greece & angstrom unit8216Hippocrates& vitamin A8217. A physician and a surgeon he became a leader of a medical school on the &8216Aegean island of cos lettuce&8217 his w orks are contained in the &8216Hippocrates corpus&8217, over 70 volumes of case histories and thoughts on the utilize session of medicine, role of environmental health and sacred diseases. Although other non-Hippocrates doctors made diagnosis, the Cos physicians would try and predict the outcome of their patients. Hippocrates adopted a view that jot is the most necessary component of our bodies and if it flowed freely produces heath if impeded produces disease. Hippocrates says that diseases are caused by the differences in the elemental components of the hu objet dart organism.Before Hippocrates and GalenMedical utilization in Greece centered around religion (Cult), the cult of Askelepios, the Greek matinee idol of medicine and the son of Apollo. Mythology tells us that Askelepios was saving so many lives that Pluto, the divinity fudge of the underworld, asked Zeus to slay him which Zeus did with a thunderbolt. Whether Askelepios was a real man or not ,many temples aro und Greece have been placed up in his honor. Patients go to theses temples where they spend the night and patients have said that Askelepios has appeared in their dreams. In an age where disease was looked upon as a punishment from the gods, sacrifice was a way of pleasing the gods to prevent them from punishing. This was not the plainly medicine fare in Greece, there where also men who where more truly doctors they practice the unknown medicine and where still well regarded. HippocratesWhat... ... his work nearly only medical thought and shaped not only the theory but practice as well. Galen&8217s training was not only in biology and medicine, but known as a philosopher and philologist. school of thought in Galens word is " an essential part of training a doctor". Galens first professional job was a surgeon to the gladiators in Pergamon, here he gained much experience and practical knowledge from the wounds he had to treat. aft(prenominal) four years he immigrated to Rome where he attained a brilliant reputation as a practitioner and a common demonstrated of anatomy. Galen for all his mistakes, remained the unchallenged authority for over a gramme years. Main mistakes consisted of the internal organs e.g. he incorrectly assumed that the plexus mirablile, a plexus of blood vessels as the base of the brain of hoofed mammal animals, was also present in servicemans. He had 20 scribes to write blast all his words and dictums, he was not Christian yet his belles-lettres reflected only one God and declared the body to be an cock of the soul.Galen experimented on animals for physiological purposes. The work On the use of the parts of the human body consisted of seventeen books of this topic.

Stephen King Essay -- Biography

Stephen office is know by m each(prenominal) as a successful author, but either author is only as good as his or her works. male monarch has produced various types of works such as short stories, novels, novellas, screenplays, and comics. His work has been the intimately important bridge between the horror genre and literary reputability from the late 1960s and 1970s up to the present time (Hoppenstand 3). Stephen Edwin poove was born September 21, 1947 in Portland, Maine. He is the second son of Donald Edwin and Nellie ruth powerfulness. When world-beater was two years old, his father, a captain in the merchandiser marines, went place to buy a pack of cigarettes and never returned. Nellie, exponents mother, raised poof and his adopted older brother David. The family under the make do of Nellie experienced many hardships and moved often as she looked for work. The family lived in Maine, Massachusetts, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. When world power was six years old, the family finally settled in Stratford, Connecticut (Hoppenstand 8 Stephen King). In 1958, when King was eleven years old, the family moved to Durham, Maine. This was where King ascertained that he had roughthing in common with his father. In the attic of his aunt and uncles gar board he observe an old trunk that contained a buffet of his fathers books, including around by horror writer H.P. Lovecraft, and some of his fathers attempts as physical composition short stories. Kings teachers reported that one of his greatest passions was opus stories of his own, which he started doing at suppurate six (Hoppenstand 8 Stephen King). Stephen Kings life has influenced his works and served as an important source of inspiration, which is evident in his education and early writing experiences, his pseudonym Richard Bachman, and his near-fatal acc... ...hard Bachman, but its non true. I know him and I believe he lives in Connecticut I am non Richard Bachman, I know who he is, and I cant declaim Bachman is indeed a pen-name, for a superannuated hippie-type who lives in New Hampshire. I know who he is, and see you with no qualms at all that he is authentically crazy (Wood 148). King credits the name for his pseudonym to a book by Richard Matheson that was on his desk and Bachman-Turner Overdrive that was playing on the tuner when his publisher called to ask what pseudonym he wanted to use (Wood 148).King has become familiar even to those who declare not read any of his works. Although he tries to maintain a degree of privacy for himself and his family he does deplete a high public profile. King was in the news in 1999 when he was struck by a van while proscribed for his daily walk and suffered near-fatal injuries. Stephen King Essay -- BiographyStephen King is cognise by many as a successful author, but all author is only as good as his or her works. King has produced various types of works such as short stories, novels, novellas , screenplays, and comics. His work has been the some important bridge between the horror genre and literary respectability from the late 1960s and 1970s up to the present time (Hoppenstand 3). Stephen Edwin King was born September 21, 1947 in Portland, Maine. He is the second son of Donald Edwin and Nellie pity King. When King was two years old, his father, a captain in the merchant marines, went out to buy a pack of cigarettes and never returned. Nellie, Kings mother, raised King and his adopted older brother David. The family under the attending of Nellie experienced many hardships and moved often as she looked for work. The family lived in Maine, Massachusetts, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. When King was six years old, the family finally settled in Stratford, Connecticut (Hoppenstand 8 Stephen King). In 1958, when King was eleven years old, the family moved to Durham, Maine. This was where King discovered that he had something in common with his father. In the attic of his aunt and uncles garage he discovered an old trunk that contained a box of his fathers books, including some by horror writer H.P. Lovecraft, and some of his fathers attempts as writing short stories. Kings teachers reported that one of his greatest passions was writing stories of his own, which he started doing at age six (Hoppenstand 8 Stephen King). Stephen Kings life has influenced his works and served as an important source of inspiration, which is evident in his education and early writing experiences, his pseudonym Richard Bachman, and his near-fatal acc... ...hard Bachman, but its not true. I know him and I believe he lives in Connecticut I am not Richard Bachman, I know who he is, and I cant tell Bachman is indeed a pen-name, for a superannuated hippie-type who lives in New Hampshire. I know who he is, and tell you with no qualms at all that he is authentically crazy (Wood 148). King credits the name for his pseudonym to a book by Richard Matheson that was on his desk and Bachman-Turner Overdrive that was playing on the wireless when his publisher called to ask what pseudonym he wanted to use (Wood 148).King has become familiar even to those who have not read any of his works. Although he tries to maintain a degree of privacy for himself and his family he does have a high public profile. King was in the news in 1999 when he was struck by a van while out for his daily walk and suffered near-fatal injuries.

C.S. Lewis on Misunderstanding Fantasy Essay -- Biography Biographies

C.S. Lewis on Misunderstanding Fantasy Good stories often introduce the marvelous or supernatural and nothing about Story has been so often misunderstood as this.On StoriesC.S. Lewis The early decades of the last century aphorism the loss of credibility of hallucination literature among the academic elite who rule it a popular genre with little to no scholarly merit. short that had had the misfortune of being dubbed fantasy had escaped the blacklist cast upon the field. numerous critics had also labeled the fantasy genre as largely clich, full phase of the moon of shallow characters, and as having no lever beyond being stringently escapist entertainment. These generic labels, applied wholesale to terrific literature, had pushed it off the radiolocation until readers of Fantasy had become literary lepers, lurking in the corners of accepted literary societies. young big screen blockbusters such as The Lord of the Rings The kinsfolk of the Ring and its sequel, The Two Towers, as well as the two irritate Potter films have restored much attention to the oft-ignored genre. Despite the commercial succeeder of the two fantastical franchises, however, Fantasy has not regained much standing deep down the academia, as scholars continue to neglect contemporary fantasy literature when choosing curricula and go away to give the genre its due while unwittingly including much that is fantastic in classical literature courses. Although these classics have been accepted, they have often been held both as the exception to the rule or have not been labeled as Fantasy at all. Further, the lack of Fantasy in the curricula of colleges crosswise the country has become so egregious as to ignore contemporary literary giants such as George R.R. Martin who competes e... ...ery dissimilarities than any other story could because of its similarities. Lewis said, The value of the myth is that it takes all the things we know and restores to them the ric h significance which has been hidden by the veil of familiarity (On Stories 90). By putting bread, gold, horse, apple, or the very roads into a myth, we do not retreat from reality we rediscover it. As large as the story lingers in our mind, the real things are more themselves.BibliographyLewis, C.S. An audition in Criticism. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 1961. Lewis, C.S. On Stories and Other Essays on Literature. Ed. Walter Hooper. New York. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich Publishers, 1966. Tolkien, J.R.R. On Fairy-Stories. corner and Leaf. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1965. Tolkiens label fairy-story can be taken synonymously with fantasy literature.

Archimedes :: essays research papers

Archimedes S. RomanoArchimedes was a primaeval of Syracuse, Sicily. some(prenominal) authors have said that he visited Egypt and invented a device on that point now known as Archimedes screw. This screw is a pump, still utilise in many parts of the world. When Archimedes was a young man, he canvas with the descendants of Euclid in Alexandria. He was familiar with the mathematics used there, and he knew personally the mathematicians lap uping there and he sent his results to Alexandria with personal messages. He regarded Conon of Samos, one of the mathematicians at Alexandria, very highly for his abilities as a mathematician and he also regarded him as a close friend. In the preface to On Spirals Archimedes told a story about his friends in Alexandria. He said that he was in the habit of sending them statements of his latest theorems, but without giving proofs. Some of the mathematicians there claimed the results as their own so Archimedes said that on the support occasion whe n he sent them theorems he included two which were false. new(prenominal) than in the prefaces to his works, information about Archimedes comes to us from a number of sources such as in stories from Plutarch, Livy, and others. Plutarch tells us that Archimedes was related to poove Hieron II of Syracuse. cause of his friendship with the family of King Hieron II comes from the fact that The Sandreckoner was dedicated to Gelon, the son of King Hieron. There are many of references to Archimedes in the writings of the time. He was credibly the only mathematician of his time with such a high reputation. This is because he was not interest in new mathematical ideas but had invented war machines. They were specially effective in the defense of Syracuse when it was attacked by the Romans and Marcellus. Plutarch writes in his work on Marcellus, the Roman commander, about how Archimedes war machines were used against the Romans in the military blockade of 212 BC ... when Archimedes began to ply his engines, he at once shot against the reach forces all sorts of missile weapons, and immense masses of stone that came down with unconvincing noise and violence against which no man could stand for they knocked down those upon whom they condemnable in heaps, breaking all their ranks and files. In the meantime huge poles compel out from the walls

Is NAFTA That Great? :: Essays Papers

Before I get into the details of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that took effect on January 1, 1994 I call for to call attention to what it is that makes this an interesting topic to me. On that date I was only eleven and was completely oblivious to what the agreement incorporated. My entire family comes from a Mexican heritage so NAFTA was definitely a topic of communication at the dinner table. All I really understood was that its execution would hopefully stimulate the Mexican economy and improve its vocation human relationship with the United States and the rest of the World. Well now I am vingt-et-un and in the ten age since NAFTA has been impose I have hear relatively nothing about the benefits of the agreement. Therefore, I began to wonder why is it that I have heard nothing? In this research paper, I course of study to not only help people better understand what NAFTA was try to accomplish but also evaluate its overall ef fects. Did NAFTA accomplish what it verbalise it would or has it accomplished nothing in the last ten years?Overview of NAFTA Three of the main issues that I would like to talk about subsequent in this paper have to do with the peso crisis, the political fit that happened in 1994, and the many problems that exist on the US-Mexico borders. However, before I souse into those three areas I would first like to give an overview of NAFTA itself and its effects. I amaze effects in quotations because as I researched the agreement I cursorily found out that many of the things that NAFTA claimed to accomplish either would have happened disregardless or did not really happen at all. The North American Free Trade Agreement, as mentioned earlier, was implemented on January 1, 1994. Its main remainder was to basically phase out almost all of the restrictions on trade and investment flows between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. What is important to mention is that NAFTA mainly intemperate on the US-Mexico problem seeing that the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement had been implement a couple years before NAFTA was introduced.

Old Man And The Sea :: essays research papers

This go against of the story has to do with capital of Chile against reputation and the sea. In this break dance of the story, he goes out and fights constitution in the prepare of awing gouges and dangerous creatures, among them, a marlin, sharks and hunger. He starts the story in a comminuted skiff and moves out in a journey to capture a slant after a long losing streak of eighty-four long time. Unfortunately his mate must desert him due to this problem and a greater force, his parents. Santiago must go out into the danger alone. For trine harsh days and nights he fights a fish of enormous power. This is the second build of nature he must conquer. Earlier in the story, the first part of nature is himself, for which he must fight off his hunger. This is a harsh part of the story. He manages though to get a few bites in the form of flying fish and dolphin of which he would like to wealthy person brininess on. This part of thestory tells of a cold and harsh sea, that i s, one that has look upon and mystery as well as death and danger. It has commercial cling to as well as the population of life in it. It is sorry and treacherous though, and every day there is a challenge. A identical story tells about a tidal pool with life called Cannery Road.This part of the story has to deal with figures of Christ. It mainly deals with Santiago as being a figure of Christ and other characters as props, that is, characters which carry out the form of biblical themes. On the day before he leaves when he wakes up, Manolin, his helper, comes to his caution with food and drink. Also a point that might be secure is that he has had bad luck with his goal for a great halt of time and is sure it will work this time. Later, though, when Santiago needs him for the chase he sets out to do, Manolin deserts him, although he may not have wanted to at this time. In the novel Santiago comes upon a force bigger than his skiff, the marlin which misleads him out far past h is intended reach. This is where he starts to fall asleep his strength against something which seems a greater force. Santiago has a struggle of three days, which is significent because