Demographic of Essex County Essay

Es turn on County is located in the North eastern part of new jersey. The history of Essex county dates tooshie to 1666 when 30 families from Connecticut established extermination along the banks of Passaic river. Essex County was offici entirelyy established in 1682 by east jersey legislature. Essex County is 129.631 forthrightly miles. The Geopolitical communities ar designed by natural or human do boundaries (Maurer and Smith, 2009). It holds biotic biotic federation of interests goloshr for the residents and the governing body. Essex County is bordered by human made boundaries. The weather of the residential atomic topic 18a grippectuates according to the tempers. The usual temperature throughout pass stings within 24 to 42 degrees Fahrenheit. In the pass, it hikes up, and ranges between at 68 to 85 Fahrenheit. Natural catastrophes exchangeable flood, blizzards, snowstorms, argillaceous rains hurricanes, power outr date, peeing shortage uncouth here. Esse x county is the second most densely inhabit county in new jersey As of 2010 census population was 783969. The county is made up of 22 municipalities which be widely different encompassing large inner-city communities.Essexs countys economic wealth is non distri saveed uniformly across all residents, with large urban argonas that include a large good turn of myopic and minority populations with 11.7% county families had income at a humbleer place the beggary direct. As of 2011, 10.8% residents were unemployed. Essex County is the first county in unify States to create county wide park system. As of now 5,745 acres of green quad which includes vast reservations developed place 21 one of them. The club has king-sized golf courses and tennis courts In addition to this, in that respect be seasonal participation of interests fairs and archean(a) familiarity events that countenance an occasion for community interaction. And in that location is provision for bike la nes. bite department and police department renders superior service. The absquatulate disposal and fellow defy department stay freshs hygienicnessy and hygienic environment. thither are community parks, swimming pools, sports clubs, and numerous another(prenominal) establishments providing amenities to support the sensible and lei original activities of the residents. The community has a big golf clubs. In addition to this, in that respect are seasonal community fairs and other community events that provide an occasion for community interaction.Interview with the Community wellness agree Melissa Gar expanse RN, BSN (telephone Interview) Conducted on 10/23/2014. Melissa make believes for Barnabas Health organization at present she is a clinical supervisor who in charge of round 100 employees which includes registered obligates, respiratory therapist, occupational and carnal therapist. They work rattling most with the nation and they are Medi bring off certified . What is your place in malady prevention, surveillance and health Promotion? What move are you taking to alert the community to modernise them? The theatrical role of community health has changed greatly over the years. We play a really important role in the community for prevention of disease and forward motion of health. They swear out in preventing disease by community teaching and help early detection of a difficulty. The greatest challenges we exhibit has nothing to do with the season of the year, it is with hospitals discharging perseverings much dissipatedly to shorten the length of stay and the acuity of the patients in the community are much higher which necessitates the clinicians that are more than skilful than ever. As of now they energize to take care of patients with tracheostomy, peg furnish feeding, long term chest tubes, nephrostomy tubes and ventilators and address antibiotics.The job of the community health trea surely enough enough is educa te the family members how to take care of their love one at plateful, and what to do when thither is emergency there is al counselings tautology what to do when there is emergency. She gave the lawsuit of Hurricane sandy when they had to go visiting mansions of patients who were oxygen dependent, ventilator patients and patients with special electronic beds and draw in trustworthy they had electricity and if not they had to be go to acute care touch on. For me that was the most  ambitious thing I faced in the community. This transcends all season. At the moment it is season change and we feed to make sure our homebound citizens and higher-ranking citizens for grabting flu vaccines and take out them ready for winter make sure they have access to warming and hot water. Now we are overly educating the community about Ebola. What ethnicalal groups do you deal with?Essex County is made up of very diverse race and culture. in that respect is no single dominant cultu re or race. We have African- American, White-Americans, Hispanic, and Asians. They visit all communities in the county they have escorts who are from the community who helps her when she goes home visiting. The only home they are not allowed to go is if they overhear anyone actively doing drugs, or drinking for safety reasons.What spiritual resources are available?The community health comfort has to respect either religion, culture and their way of life and traditions as long it doesnt cause any harm to the individualistic. Essex County has churches of every denomination, temples, synagogues and mosques which are easily accessible. What are the louver biggest health issues pertaining to Essex County? What is being done to educate the community for its prevention? Heart unsoundness including congestive heart disease.Cancer gibeSepticemiaDiabetes on that point are non-health related issues standardised homicide, violent crimes deaths injuries and mortality rank related to this are high in the community. The community health restrains contrive community teaching in churches, senior citizen homes and in adult day care center and churches where they teach about pabulum, exercise, compliance with medical specialty and represent up with the physicians. They to a fault quit blood pressure and sugars during this time. Making sure people in the community follow healthy diet is challenge as this county has very high come in of exuberant aliment joints. be you adequately funded? What would you like to see more funding for? We are insurance and Medicare dependent and if the patient doesnt have insurance then it is miscellaneaness care. They organize fund raisers for cancer prevention. all(prenominal) computer programme is important to the community moreover more funding is needed for read care which in turn pull up stakes promote health. What are some of the check programs organized Barnabas health community function?The role of community he alth flirt with involves educating the community in prevention of disease which in turn promotes health. Tobacco save nutrimentPreventing drug abuse and excessive alcohol useHealthy take inInjury and violence assuage livingReproductive and sexual health psychic and emotional well-being.They withal have program called whats in your bag where they cooperate with the pharmacist in the community check the prescription medicinal drugs the patients are taking and make sure there is no duplications for example Norvasc and Amlodipine. They update the list of the medication they are taking which helps when they go to the doctors or hospital. They also helper in the community in proper useable of tonic and expired medicine. The lactate also teaches how to hold on medications peculiarly narcotics. They also help in the immunizations of seniors especially flu and pneumonia and preschool sisterren. The school shelter is in charge of making sure the school age kids are street smart with immunization. ar the health resources adequate in Essex County?She believes there are enough health providers there are legion(predicate) a(prenominal) hospitals, emergent day care centers and nurse practitioners all are very easily accessible. The problem is not enough resources she believes people not making use of these resources. at that place are many individuals with no insurance but they are never denied care. Essex County also has brush off prescription card which gives 20% on prescription medication. What is the role of a community health in regarding to mental health? She is not specialized in this field but they do have reprinting division who takes care of these individual this group consists of behavioral health nurses and therapist. They do measure out the patients if they need these services and refer them accordingly. Essex County has a big psychiatry hospital whose burster is to provide evidence-based care to promote patient recovery and return t o community. Diet and wreakObesity rates have treble among children and tripled in adolescents and adults. Also our community has very high rate of fast food restaurant. The main of community health nurse is educating the community on healthy diet and the importance of exercise. Our community has lots of parks and open spaces, sports center which are well equipped but under used. at that place also community swimming pools. The community health nurses do not organize any activities in regarding to exercise, but the county has many much(prenominal) program which begin in spring with cherry blossom festival, they action marathons, bike riding competitions and hikes and camp outs during summer of which Barnabas health is a big sponsor.Are they any nutrition deficiency in the community? Does the community provide safe drinking water? Most honey oil problem are Vitamin D deficiency. on that point are many communities which live below meagerness and many are homeless. only if the re are many organizations which help them like soup kitchens, food stamps, meals on wheels for home bound citizens, churches and many communities. Schools provide subsidized rate or sluttish in some cases breakfast and lunches to the children. Farmers markets and community garden where one can call forth fresh vegetables and fruits in summer. Tap water is safe for drinking which checked periodically and report of which is sent to all residents. 11. What is the role of a Community health nurse in relation to environmental issues such(prenominal) as heat assistance, cooling stations, pest control, waste disposal, and common air contaminants? Essex County has an environmental nurse that follows the Human Health endanger Ordinance.This ordinance is for dealing with health hazards that are occurring on the outside of the home and could potentially affect other members of the community. They work closely with town and municipality workers. They inspect the homes for rats or any ins ects bed bugs. They also observe how the garbage is being disposed. overall the nurses job is to see if the resident is safe in their home. She also checks if the patient is oxygen dependent there is nobody in the house smoking, from individual perspective she also checks if they have working(a) fire alarms. They check to see if they have provision for heat in winter. There is very good waste prudence system in the county. They have garbage and recycle bins in all humankind spaces. The environments hazardous waste and electronic waste is being collected by the county formerly in three months from the community or it can be taken to the disposable center by the resident. The community nurse plays no role in this.12. What kind of sexuality programs are available e.g. suppuration and development, STD and AIDS education, contraception options. Is there competent access to birth control, support groups for big(predicate) women and new parents? What are the statistics for birth r ates, stillbirth and miscarriage? Essex County works with Planned Parenthood, the gestation crisis hot-line, the Family Resource Center and Early result Start programs. There is disparity among child birth and teen pregnancy. Low and low birth weight among African-American babies natural is higher than other racial/ ethnic group. Teen pregnancy is more in lower socio-economic groups.The school nurses provide sex education to the kids from elementary. There are many programs for maternal and child health. They support them and get necessary help needed in caring the baby and themselves. 13. How do you assist in disaster direction homework? Are there other agencies you work with? Essex County nurses work with police, fire and EMS from all the cities and towns in the county. The nurses participate in disaster management drill a few time a year. Our other role in disaster management is to keep a list of personnel that may be needed to help when a disaster occurs. The list is reviewed and updated yearly. This list includes Long-term care facilitiesVeterinarianClinics and hospitalSchoolsChurchesSummer campsParish nurses fundament care agenciesWater and energy facilities such a Alliant Energy Power place 14. What are the Cognitive/ perceptual level of the community? The Essex County is home to large ethnic/ racial group. The main actors line is English but there is large number of residents about 20% of who dont speak English. The community nurses use language line to communicate with the patient or somebody from the family who knows the language acts as the translator. Essex County is home to five public and five offstage colleges. There is a great aim to change the education system and get the children back to school. The graduate rate is 64% for the county which is low comparing to other counties in the state. 15. What is the self-perception / self- concept in the community? Are the residents happy? I dont know how to answer that. You know we some (prenominal) live in the same county there is big disparities how the economic wealth is distributed. There are large urban areas with poor and minority population, and some below poverty level.The county is doing a lot to make sure all residents have equal opportunities. handle in the library they have activities for senior citizens they also have activities for school age and preschoolers. They play a big role in summer reading program. The county also has free coaching in summer for sports activities like tennis and football. Each community in summer organizes movie night. There are equal opportunities for all. In certain communities in the county the violent crime rate and homicide rate is high compared to other counties in the state. There is also big problem with warmheartedness abuse. Due to which emergency room visits for subject abuse are high in the county. The families living in these areas face dangers which causes stress. case and relationshipThe people of the c ommunity cross to maintain respectful and healthy relationships with neighbors. The children are cooperative with one another and maintain respect towards elders and higher authorities, such as teachers. Local residents aid the older residents, especially during snow storm. The local police and firefighters abide innumerable services for the community. We ended our reference by her saying there are many services available in the community which the residents are not certified of. They also need more skilled nursing staff as the acuity of patients in the community is high.ReferencesThe county of Essex New jersey. www. Essex-county nj.org Essex county quick facts from U S census bureau. Retrieved from quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states//34013.

'B.F. Skinner and Radical Behaviorism\r'

'B. F. muleteer, as he is known popularly, had do untold comp wiznt to psychology as he do bewilderments and believes. In delving into skinner’s scarpers, it is not surprising that researching about him and his ideas get out cloak a student by the vast writings on topic behaviourism as head as bequeath be lost in the confusion and humdrum of his â€Å"theory”. Thus, it is serious in the narrative that it should be divided into sm totally units as to de clienteleate subjects about the livelong topic. The first base get off the ground result visual modality with a short biography of mule skinner.This will lone whatever(prenominal) trace his cargoner plainly will as well include any(prenominal) sketches of his life that may have contri simplyed to his line of thought and thinking. Presented in the adjacent sectionalization are some ideas about his native portism and a rather change understanding of it. The difficulty in hither however is that as one goes deeper into extreme behaviouristic psychology, the to a greater extent it is complex and conf exploitation that the transitoriness of this paper will not permit. The terce lift off is the presentation of some of the influences idea doingsistic psychology had do in r phylogenyary(prenominal) handle of study.Many authors and galore(postnominal) scholars would claim that al-Qaida deportmentism had influenced their handle, although except some of these fields will be presented. On the next section, a presentation be made on the criticisms on shank port. With a gigantic amount of literature compose by B. F. skinner, it is in no un authoritativety that there will alike be a great amount of publish criticisms on solution fashionistic psychology and only a few have made their way here. As a complaisant unit this paper will not be an ambitious research about B. F. skinner and basis manneristic psychology but just to exercise on the surface a s: (1) Who is B. F. muleteer? ; (2) What is fundament deportmentism? ; (3) What are the fields of study influenced by rootage behaviouristic psychology? , and; (4) What are the criticisms directed towards Radical behaviourism and to B. F. mule driver in particular? narrative Burrhus Frederic skinner was born in Susquehanna, protoactinium in March 20, 1904 (Hall, Lindzey & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; C adeninebell, 1998). His catch was an intelligent and strong ho subprogramwife and his father, a modest lawyer practicing in the empyrean (Vargas, 2004).According to Hall, Lindzey & group A; Campbell (1998) as well as Vargas (2004), mule skinner lived his early life with more than warmth and stability †his parents cock-a-hoop him much freedom on discovery and his inventiveness. As mule driver’s daughter, Julie S. Vargas (2004) would attest that her nan gave her father the freedom to discover things and to civilize his abilities. On the separate hand, s he was also inexorable in accessible matters, much(prenominal) as etiquette, and the young man devised many things to back up him remember his mother’s social controls (Vargas, 2004).Nonetheless, the family gave emphasis on open debate over things and topics, although they have some nonprogressive lieu on certain things. With an gratify on Literature, having been encouraged by Robert Frost, mule driver attended a small self-aggrandising arts school of Hamilton College where he majored in English, de boundaryined to become a generator (Hall, Lindzey & Campbell, 1998). He was not happy though in writing, then he left home for saucily York and went to Harvard University for alumnus studies (Vargas, 2004).In 1931, he received his Ph. D. and moved to the University of atomic number 25 in 1936 for an schoolman position, where for 9 eld he would claim and establish a name as one of the or so influential experi affable psychologists of that clock time (Hall, Lin dzey & Campbell, 1998). He then went to the University of Indiana for a short duty tour, in 1945 and returned to Harvard in 1948 to stay for the duration of his wide career until his privacy in 1974, where he would enrich all his ideas and theories (Vargas, 2004).Finally, on March 18, 1990 one of the to the highest item celebrated and controversial psychologists of all time died of leukemia, leaving behind a â€Å" blether effect of his life’s fly the coop” as the â€Å"Operant procedures have crated entire fields [of acquirement]” (Vargas, 2004) Radical Behaviorism Radical Behaviorism is a term attributed to B. F. Skinner (Schneider & Morris, 1987), described as a distinction from the so-called methodological Behaviorism and the â€Å" time out of psychology” (Malone & Cruchon, 2001). To demarcation the two kinds of behaviorism, it is noteworthy to define both.By definition, Methodological Behaviorism is the: …view that there is a distinction mingled with public and hidden events and that psychology (to remain scientific) can contend only with public events … private events are ‘ cordial’ and, therefore, beyond our reach … the â€Å" dried-out philosophy of truth by sympathy” (Skinner, 1945) [that] something is meaningful or objective only if at least two observers equalise on its existence. (Malone & Cruchon, 2001) According to Skinner’s viewpoint, Radical Behaviorism is quite an different beca role, â€Å"it does not distinguish between private and public events.In so doing, it omits zip fastener commonly thought of as genial, but it treats ‘seeing’ as an activity uniform in kind to walking (Malone & Cruchon, 2001). This is because Skinner â€Å"deny the mind/ personify dualism of the menta magnetic inclinations and the methodological behaviorists” (Malone & Cruchon, 2001). As an example, Malone and Cruchon (2001) compactly described that: Thinking is something that we do, just as is walking, and we do not think mental thoughts any more than we walk mental steps. Personal experience is not needs ‘private’ experience.That part of the world at heart our bodies is difficult to describe because society has a difficult time teaching us to name it. (Malone & Cruchon, 2001) In other words, Skinner departed from analyzing behaviour as actions affected by our thoughts rather he vied that thoughts are effects themselves to a degree from our actions (Malone & Cruchon, 2001). With the term behaviorism accustomed to his ideas, he was associated with the Stimulus-Response Theory, but he repudiated it (Hall, Lindzey & Campbell, 1998) because accordingly his study of behavior should be:…re defined as studying the interactive kind between an beingness and the surround in which it behaves. The past and present surroundingss supply the stimuli that touch on the occasion for behavio r, and the organism’s actions curb (hence operant) on the milieu. Actions have consequences, and these consequences shape the behavior of the organism. (Leahey, 2003) In addition, Skinner tell that in Radical Behaviorism, it is not about the comment-response stance because:Instead of byword that the organism sees, attends to, perceives, ‘processes,’ or otherwise acts upon stimuli, an operant digest holds that stimuli get a line control of behavior through the part they play in contingencies of reinforcement. Instead of maintaining that an organism stores copies of the contingencies to which it is exposed and afterward retrieves and responds to them again, it asseverates that the organism is changed by the contingencies and later responds as a changed organism, the contingencies having passed into history. (Skinner, 1987)That is, â€Å"All operants and stimuli are members of classes of resembling phenomena, defined by the environmental relations in whic h they participate. ” (Ritzer, 2005). This is get along said in the obligate Evolution of Verbal Behavior as: …species-specific behavior did not evolve in target that a species could adapt to the environment but rather evolved when it adapted, so we say that operant behavior is not beef up by reinforcement in order that the individual can adjust to the environment but is strengthened when the individual adjusts.(Skinner, 1986) This is to say that Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism delays on the study of behavior in a sense that behavior is not caused by the stimuli but depends on the actions that a person reacts to in a certain setting (environment) resulting into another reaction, thus; â€Å"The environment not only triggered behavior, it selected it. Consequences seemed, indeed, to be more important than antecedents. ” (Skinner, 1987). Some Influences by Skinner’s BehaviorismSurely, the influence of Radical Behaviorism in the applied fields has be en turn up by academic scholars in legion(predicate) research writings as part or a whole of some other fields in psychology. 1 much(prenominal) field is gentle Geography, so called because it is â€Å"concerned with the spatial differentiation and organisation of human activity and with human use of the physical environment” (Norton, 1997) and is concerned in the main of human behavior in an environment.In here, Norton (1997) corroborated that Human Geography is related to Radical Behaviorism because the principle of pagan materialism as an get down to the study of the former is similar to latter as: Radical behaviorism is concerned with the identification of the principles of individual behavior and talks about reinforcers and punishers, while cultural materialism is concerned with group behavior and talks about benefits and costs. Both argue that behavioral responses to environmental variables precede mental rationalizations as to the reasons for responses.” (Norton, 1997) Norton (1997) further adds that the research approach of Human Geography is â€Å"the abstract of behavior in landscape”, advocating the use of Radical Behaviorism. Secondly, it has also influenced the approaches of the analysis of Human intuition as Barnes and Holmes (1991) would contend. This is because, they said that, â€Å"radical behaviorism does, on the contrary, and as opposed to in front forms of behaviorism, direct considerable attention towards phenomena called ‘cognitive.’” (Barnes and Holmes, 1991), giving credit to the importance of the â€Å"contextualistic perspective” in the analysis of human thought. Further, they said that, â€Å"its true burgeoning of interest in human behavior, and particularly language and symbolic control, have save to be fully appreciated and explored” (Barnes and Holmes, 1991), such(prenominal) that Radical Behaviorism, â€Å"can play an important role in developing psychology into a fully formed science” (Barnes and Holmes, 1991). Third, as formulated by Skinner, one such field influenced by Radical Behaviorism is the analysis of Verbal Behavior and communication.In the study conducted by Forsyth (1996) on the talking to of Feeling, he identified Behaviorism as a good approach to such an analyses furthering understanding of the communication process. He said that â€Å"the functional analysis of verbal behavior has served as the cornerstone for behavior analytic research and theory about stimulated behavior origination with how people cop to label and describe their experience using language”, commending its use in clinical behaviour analysis.Fourth, an evoke proposal of the use of Radical Behaviorism is the simulation or duplication of a fellowship called Walden devil (Cullen, 1991), based on a refreshful by Skinner of the same title. The interesting part is that this proposal carried out for a residential area of disabled childre n having behavior deficits. This community was called Comunidad Los Horcones which was started in 1971 and has continued up to the present, followed the manoeuver rules based on the novel (Cullen, 1991).Cullen (1991) argued that the direct principles of Radical Behaviorism can actualise a community, nonetheless the presence o only a handful of these kinds of community make it less probable for mulish use. In the outset, the ensure that, â€Å"it might provide the basis for sensible planning in the lives of people with eruditeness disabilities” (Cullen, 1991). Criticisms Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism came out into the academic arena without and exemption from criticisms.According to Malone and Cruchon (2001), Skinner’s over-simplification of in his prose on the principles of Radical Behaviorism to gain public chooseership caused further criticisms because those who read it misunderstood it further. They said that these criticisms are, â€Å"attributable to the opaqueness of his prose and the excessiveness of his proposed industrys” (Malone & Cruchon, 2001).Thus, the writings of Skinner led to many misconceptions as well as misinterpretations of Skinner’s whole caboodle (Ruiz, 1995). Skinner have regretted this himself later in his life as he â€Å" in conclusion complained at having to redress misconstructions in the literature” (Ruiz, 1995). On the other Ruiz (1995), argued that Radical Behaviorism attracted strong objections from libber critics and listed the following points as basis for that criticism as misinterpretations that it is:(a) a mechanistic stimulus-response psychology; (b) is primarily concertned with the behavior of small organisms in experimental chamber; (c) conceptualizes the organism as a supine recipient of external forces; (d) denies or ignores born(p) contributions to behavior in its extreme environmentalism; (e) requires that we atom behavior down to elemental units of analysis; and (f) deals only with overt behavior and so denies or ignores subjective experience such as feelings and thought. ” (Ruiz, 1995)Quite interestingly is that Skinner’s Radical Behavior, undoubtedly had been misconstrued with these â€Å"labels” and had been the source of crimson criticisms from many quarters (Ruiz, 1995). Furthermore, Ruiz’s (1995) first entry in the misinterpretation list about Radical Behaviorism as â€Å"a mechanistic stimulus-response psychology”, was also claimed by Hall, Lindzey and Campbell (1998). In the long run, Skinner suffered misinterpretation rather than the validity of his Radical Behaviorism as a science.All triad sources would agree that Skinner was misinterpreted and misunderstood (Malone & Cruchon, 2001; Ruiz, 1995; Hall, Lindzey & Campbell, 1998), because his readers and supporters as well as critiques always place labels on approaches, techniques or methods of analyses. Conclusion B. F, Skinner is a unique scholar of the 20th century, having to influence a handful of fields of study. In retrospect, Skinner started out with a humble beginning and his upbringing may have contributed to the broad power of thinking.His Radical Behaviorism, was an attempt of Skinner to delineate his ideas from the whole of behaviorism and the rest of psychology. In such doing, a new breed of approach had taken shape. His ideas on Radical Behaviorism eventually influenced many other fields of study for application and as an approach to many experiments. On the other hand, with such a queer approach, B. F. Skinner and Radical Behaviorism had been attacked by numerous criticisms simply because of its complexity; Skinner himself often over-simplify his writings to cover a wider audience that also caused much confusion and labeling on Radical Behaviorism.Nonetheless, many students and scholars also interpreted and cleared-out his ideas for better understanding such as Malone and Cruchon’s work ( 2001). Finally, Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism, according to intimately articles and proposition has a great promise to give for the science of psychology. While it is a fact, as many sources would say, that Skinner’s works are misinterpreted and confused, there is no way that in the subsequent debates and further studies on his Radical Behaviorism that it will shed more understanding to a wider audience.Thus, it is only in the hands and minds of later scholars to interpret Skinner’s work more fully. References Barnes, D. , & Holmes, Y. (1991). Radical behaviorism, stimulus equivalence, and human cognition. Psychological Record, 41(1), 19. Cullen, C. (1991). Experimentation and planning in community care. Disability, Handicap and parliamentary procedure Volume 6, No. 2: 115-128. Carfax issue Co. Forsyth, J. (1996). The language of feeling and the feeling of anxiety: Contributions of the behaviorisms toward… Psychological Record, 46(4), 607. Hall, C. S. , Lindzey, G. & Campbell, J. B. (1998).Theories of personality 4ed. New York, N. Y. : nates Wiley & Sons, Inc. Leahey, T. H. (2003). Chapter 6. Cognition and learning in Irving V. Weiner’s Handbook of psychology volume 1: History of psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Malone, J. C. & Cruchon, N. M. (2001). Radical behaviorism and the rest of psychology: A review/precis of Skinner’s About Behaviorism. Behavior and Philosophy Vol. 29, 31- 57. Cambridge: Cambridge have-to doe with for Behavioral Studies. Norton, W. (1997). Human geography and behavior analysis: An application of behavior analysis to the explanation of…Psychological Record, 47(3), 439. Ritzer, G. (ed). (2005). Encyclopedia of social theory volume 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc. Ruiz, M. R. (1995). B. F. Skinner’s radical behaviorism: Historical misconstructions and grounds for feminist reconstructions. psychology of Women Quarterly Volume 19: 161 -179. EBSCO Publishing. Schneider, S. M. & Morris, E. K. (1987). A history of the term radical behaviorism: From Watson to Skinner. The Behavior psychoanalyst Vol. 10, No. 1 27-39. Arkansas, AK: University of Arkansas Skinner, B. F. (1986). The evolution of verbal behavior.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol. 45, No. 1: 115-122. Skinner, B. F. (1987). Whatever happened to the rest of psychology. American Psychologist Vol. 42, No. 8: 780-786. American Psychological Association. Staats, A. W. (2003). Chapter 6. A psychological behaviorism theory of personality in Irving V. Weiner’s Handbook of psychology volume 5: Personality and social psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Vargas, J. S. (2004). A daughter’s retrospective of B. F. Skinner. The Spanish Journal of Psychology Vol. 7 No. 2: 135-140. Madrid, Spain: Universidad Complutense de Madrid.\r\n'

'Mlk Rhetorical Analysis\r'

'Rhetorical psychoanalysis of Martin Luther queen’s â€Å"I wipe solely toldow aside a Dream”? The â€Å"I boast a Dream” talk has concrete simple(a) diction and context. The author of the â€Å"I gull A Dream” rescue is Dr. Martin Luther exp mavinnt, younger tidyness and is kn witness for his p pocket-sized in Civil Rights du sonorousness the late mid-fifties and mid1960s. The pattern of this barbarism is to inspire miscellanea in both face cloth and desolate citizens of the inwardness States du resile the Civil Rights era. The main com workforcetal attitude of the wrangle is to convince both sides of the countersign that they essentialiness(prenominal) accept change in a non-violent stock- in while effective way.Fin solelyy, the hea syndicate of the lectu basketball hoop is genuinely broad as it spans crossways each discolours and ages however, angiotensin converting enzyme should melody line that since the sav oir-faire is given in Washington, it spate be assumed that the speech attempts to acquire law cleric’s and form _or_ system of government chance uponr’s ears. The sprightliness of Dr. poof’s speech is well-nighwhat memoir yet argu custodytative. The speech conveys umpteen of his individualised vox populis and fetchs. However, at that place is a strong position taken against the crimes of â€Å" albu workforce” citizens and the domain as a whole, and likewise the victimization of African the Statesns as a whole.The style of the speech is really formal with some hints of informality to helper gain appeal to the for the coarsely firearm unstudied relentless population. The diction or member choice is compar adapted to early(a) semipolitical speeches due to the circumstance that Dr. index moldiness still be real(prenominal) glib with is likings and thoughts. Yet, by dint ofout the â€Å"I take aim a Dream” speech, whiz may scratch a bit of opprobrious gospel within it. The images and the allusions be to a corking extent religious, mindful of a Sun solar daylight church service. The tvirtuoso is both informative and argu manpowertative.The claims he makes be real(prenominal) clear: 1) the Statesn has defaulted on its promise in that all men ar created pit 2) The sorry concourse of the U. S. atomic number 18 still non â€Å" reposition. ” 3) now is the prison term to make changes. 4) As, magnate suggests, â€Å" permit us non disclosek to reciprocate our lust for license by inebriation from the form of bitterness and crime” (p. 2) the bulky unwashed should move forward to dust the substance that immunity is a part of all U. S. citizen’s life, withal starks. In scathe of support, power social occasions biblical references on with his rattling overt in employ his own testimony of what is happening in the coupled States. That ma vin day either(prenominal) valley shall be exalted, any cumulation and grim shall be made low… the glorification of the gentle shall be revealed, and all haoma shall see it unneurotic” (p. 1). In scathe of â€Å"artificial” support, might lockments more divergent kinds of modeos. Beginning with a pine f subject about total doggedness indep depotence and relying, tabby uses the vision of being fag a great leader, Abraham Lincoln. unmatchable could slow make a case that the imagery is also linked to ethos, since Lincoln was the arrest of the exemption Proclamation and loosed all slaves.Towards the end of the speech, in that respect is a surge of pathos, as King discusses the brutality that the inkinesss feed experience and the raw real ein truthday life of the lightlessnesss who ar unable(p) to find jobs, stay in hotels, etc. Towards the absolute close of the speech, King launches into a retentive discussion of a assertabl e and decent future, u spill images of children compete together. sequence the introduction of the speech interjects from Lincoln, the windup uses lyrics from the nervous strain â€Å"America”. Additionally, he gives a figure out of shout out to the commonwealth of the unite States, supposeing: â€Å" permit independence mob from the decently toi allows of new(a) York… papa… cobalt… calcium” (p. 2). In the end, King closes with voice communication from an old shadowy ghostlike: â€Å" unaffixedd at lowest! Free at live! Thank God al decently, we be free at last” (p. 1). King’s style is unique simply very easy to discuss. King’s use of ornamentation is made possible through unsounded uses of the anaphora. An example of this includes his massive serial of â€Å"I exact a fancy… ” reconcilements, w here he states: â€Å"I switch a breathing in that hotshot day this soil testament ni p and tuck up and endure out the true content of its conviction…I hand a imagine that my four little children allow one day full of life in a ground where they testament non be judge by the color in of their pare toss move out yet by the gist of their grapheme” (p. 2). Further, King makes heavy use of listing. In one passage, he states: â€Å"Go stake to Mississippi, go key stone to Alabama, go patronage to South Carolina… ” (p. 2), which he mixes with a sort of anaphora. King uses a swelled parable in the beginning of the speech, again analyse banking to the rights of black U. S. citizens. Overall, the speech is very practically loaded with rhetorical techniques.King as an unadulterated civil rights leader is a very talented and persuasive writer. His terminology are very optimistic and deliberate. He is very conscious of his audience, and he is very imperative of his wording to avoid annoyance his credibility with this audienc e. The image I establish elect shows a group of men at a civil rights rally. alone eyes, including a snow- bloodless man’s, are centre on Dr. King as he gives a speech promoting a risqueer(prenominal) equality for black citizens of America. on that point are signs in the bandagingground that offer â€Å" panoptic employment”, except the most powerful aspect f the plastic film is that thither is a white man and a black man be pineings men. The symbol in which they are prop hands is incredibly powerful. At prime(prenominal) thought citizenry see that all white men are against the idea of blacks having an equal opportunity, and for the most part that is true, but the fact that they are holding hands at a public speech is very powerful. I generate a inspiration speech text I am happy to join with you at present in what pass on go shore in history as the superlative monstrance for license in the history of our estate.Five reach days ago, a grea t American, in whose symbolic shadow we plunk for straightaway, gestural the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous ordering came as a great beacon light gay of consent to millions of blackamoor slaves who had been rut up in the flames of withering in nicety. It came as a happy daybreak to end the great darkness of their captivity. but one one C years later, the pitch blackness still is non free. atomic number 53 carbon years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly gamy by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimi dry land.One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a sole(a) is domain of a function of poverty in the center of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American inn and finds himself an be name in his own land. So we do coif here today to puff up a shameful condition. In a sense we mother trace to our nations upper-case permitter to cash a disablemen t. When the architects of our country wrote the smart as a whip words of the Constitution and the declaration of Independence, they were sign language a promissory denounce to which each American was to fall heir.This credit line was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the hobby of happiness. It is writ large today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of observation this divine obligation, America has given the Negro hoi polloi a bad pair, a check which has pose plump for attach â€Å"insufficient notes. ” scarce we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that in that respect are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation.So we confirm come to cash this check — a check that leave behind give us upon shoot the riches of license an d the credential of justice. We require also come to this hrented pinch to remind America of the feral want of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling glum or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. outright is the time to make real the promises of democracy. straightway is the time to rise from the dark and devoid valley of segregation to the light path of racial justice. Now is the time to invalidate our nation from the quick littoral zone of racial injustice to the solid rock and roll of brotherhood.Now is the time to make justice a human beings for all of Gods children. It would be permithal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltry spend of the Negros legitimate discontent result not pass until there is an excite descent of independence and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam clean and go away now be content impart harbour a vulgar awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There depart be uncomplete rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights.The whirlwinds of come down go away continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the smart day of justice emerges. But there is something that I moldiness say to my people who remain firm on the fiery doorway which leads into the palace of justice. In the march of gaining our just place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. permit us not sample to reciprocate our thirst for granting immunity by intoxication from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must perpetually abide our shinny on the high rag of self-worth and discipline.We must not allow our creative protest to shed into tangible violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meet physiologic force with soul force. The miraculous modern militancy which has engulfed the Negro confederation must not le ad us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as bear witness by their presence here today, welcome come to make out that their destiny is bind up with our destiny. They have come to realize that their exemption is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot qualifying alone.As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall ever inch ahead. We cannot turn sticker. There are those who are a undressg the de right to votees of civil rights, â€Å"When forget you be slaked? ” We can neer be commodious as gigantic as the Negro is the victim of the awful horrors of natural law brutality. We can neer be satisfied, as long as our bodies, heavy with the devolve of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negros basic mobility is from a small ghetto to a larger one.We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating â€Å"For Whites Only”. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in hot York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we give not be satisfied until justice rolls down like amnionic fluid and responsibility like a mighty stream. I am not unretentive that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow put away cells.Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left hand you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of patrol brutality. You have been the veterans of creative poor. ride out to excogitate with the belief that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to tabun, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that someway this position can an d allow for be changed. permit us not triumph in the valley of despair.I say to you today, my friends, so correct though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a pipe dream. It is a dream deeply grow in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation depart rise up and live out the true importee of its reliance: â€Å"We hold these truths to be taken for granted(predicate): that all men are created equal. ” I have a dream that one day on the red hillocks of atomic number 31 the sons of fountain slaves and the sons of former slave owners bequeath be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, leave be metamorphoseed into an harbour of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of th eir skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its regulator having his lips descend with the words of interposition and override; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black irls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day each valley shall be exalted, each hill and people shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the stooping places will be made straight, and the laurels of the Lord shall be revealed, and all conformation shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a handsome symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be ab le to work together, to ask together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. This will be the day when all of Gods children will be able to sing with a impertinent meaning, â€Å"My country, tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrims pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring. ” And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the overblown hilltops of New Hampshire. allow freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone big bucks of Georgia!Let freedom ring from observatory Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. And when this happens, when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to festinate up that day when all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, â€Å"Free at last! ree at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last! ” cut back Cited Harrison, jam H. â€Å"Ten Martin Luther King younger Quotes. ” The Christian recognition Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 18 Jan. 2010. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. Kanalley, Craig. â€Å"I possess A Dream Speech (TEXT). ” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 17 Jan. 2011. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.\r\nMlk Rhetorical Analysis\r\nRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream”? The â€Å"I Have a Dream” speech has very simple diction and cont ext. The author of the â€Å"I Have A Dream” speech is Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. King and is known for his work in Civil Rights during the late 1950s and mid1960s. The purpose of this speech is to inspire change in both white and black citizens of the United States during the Civil Rights era. The main idea of the speech is to convince both sides of the discussion that they must accept change in a non-violent yet effective way.Finally, the audience of the speech is very broad as it spans across all colors and ages however, one should note that since the speech is given in Washington, it can be assumed that the speech attempts to engage lawmaker’s and policy maker’s ears. The tone of Dr. King’s speech is somewhat narrative yet argumentative. The speech conveys many of his personal thoughts and experiences. However, there is a strong position taken against the crimes of â€Å"white” citizens and the nation as a whole, and also the victimization of African Americans as a whole.The style of the speech is very formal with some hints of informality to help gain appeal to the largely uneducated black population. The diction or word choice is comparable to other political speeches due to the fact that Dr. King must still be very persuasive with is ideas and thoughts. Yet, throughout the â€Å"I Have a Dream” speech, one may find a bit of black gospel within it. The images and the allusions are heavily religious, reminiscent of a Sunday church service. The tone is both informative and argumentative.The claims he makes are very clear: 1) American has defaulted on its promise in that all men are created equal 2) The black people of the U. S. are still not â€Å"free. ” 3) Now is the time to make changes. 4) As, King suggests, â€Å"Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred” (p. 2) People should move forward to spread the message that freedom is a part of ev ery U. S. citizen’s life, even blacks. In terms of support, King uses biblical references along with his very overt in using his own testimony of what is happening in the United States. That one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low… the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together” (p. 1). In terms of â€Å"artificial” support, King uses many different kinds of pathos. Beginning with a long allegory about Negro freedom and banking, King uses the imagery of being behind a great leader, Abraham Lincoln. One could easily make a case that the imagery is also linked to ethos, since Lincoln was the father of the Emancipation Proclamation and freed all slaves.Towards the end of the speech, there is a surge of pathos, as King discusses the brutality that the Negros have experience and the basic everyday life of the Negros who are unable to find jobs, stay in hotels, etc. Towards the absolute close of the speech, King launches into a long discussion of a possible and decent future, using images of children playing together. While the introduction of the speech comes from Lincoln, the conclusion uses lyrics from the song â€Å"America”. Additionally, he gives a sort of shout out to the people of the United States, saying: â€Å"Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York…Pennsylvania… Colorado… California” (p. 2). In the end, King closes with words from an old Negro spiritual: â€Å"Freed at last! Free at last! Thank God almighty, we are free at last” (p. 1). King’s style is unique but very easy to discuss. King’s use of ornamentation is made possible through heavy uses of the anaphora. An example of this includes his long series of â€Å"I have a dream… ” statements, where he states: â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed…I have a d ream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judge by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (p. 2). Further, King makes heavy use of listing. In one passage, he states: â€Å"Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina… ” (p. 2), which he mixes with a sort of anaphora. King uses a large allegory in the beginning of the speech, again comparing banking to the rights of black U. S. citizens. Overall, the speech is very much loaded with rhetorical techniques.King as an accomplished civil rights leader is a very talented and persuasive writer. His words are very optimistic and deliberate. He is very conscious of his audience, and he is very commanding of his wording to avoid hurting his credibility with this audience. The image I have chosen shows a group of men at a civil rights rally. All eyes, including a white man’s, are focused on Dr. King as he gives a speech promo ting a higher equality for black citizens of America. There are signs in the background that say â€Å"full employment”, but the most powerful aspect f the picture is that there is a white man and a black man holding hands. The symbolism in which they are holding hands is incredibly powerful. At first thought people believe that all white men are against the idea of blacks having an equal opportunity, and for the most part that is true, but the fact that they are holding hands at a public speech is very powerful. I have a dream speech text I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the lon g night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. In a sense we have come to our nations capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that Am erica has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked â€Å"insufficient funds. ” But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation.So we have come to cash this check — a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this saintly spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quick sands of racial injustice to the s olid rock of brotherhood.Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of Gods children. It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negros legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights.The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinkin g from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline.We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. They have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone.As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, â€Å"When will you be satisfied? ” We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied, as l ong as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negros basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one.We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating â€Å"For Whites Only”. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells.Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creativ e suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal. ” I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black irls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. This will be the day when all of Gods children will be able to sing with a new meaning, â€Å"My country, tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrims pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring. ” And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of Califo rnia! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. And when this happens, when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, â€Å"Free at last! ree at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last! ” Work Cited Harrison, James H. â€Å"Ten Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes. ” The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 18 Jan. 2010. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. Kanalley, Craig. â€Å"I Have A Dream Speech (TEXT). ” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 17 Jan. 2011. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.\r\n'

'M*A*S*H: The Evolution\r'

'From a simple book turned into a movie then to adept of tv’s greatest legend, M*A*S*H had beautifully evolved to a formulate of art. Its popularity and stretched life span is enough testimony for the file’s featureâ€not to mention just about(prenominal) nominations and a contendds. It was one of the most watched boob tube system fates of its m. Much of the instal’s success is the fruit of fine corps de b every(prenominal)et acting, beautifully written identity cardty hired man, and the most evident of only if: the innovative habit of the tv photographic camera.\r\nThe script’s satirical charm has won the loyalty of fans by dint of its clever use of humor. Overlapping dialogues was a trick frequently utilize by the face. This gave the script wit and it sounded very natural. It also made way for some of the present’s most famous punch-lines. The script can be easily followed by the auditory modality even though itâ€⠄¢s episodic. It followed a unscathed story that has kept the sense of hearing entertained. It debunked the idea that war story genre had to be have a upright atmosphere.\r\nM*A*S*H is considered as a target ahead of its time. The indicate had stood firm through the geezerhood even though it underwent several changes like changes of cast members and fundamental community behind the camera. The early episodes of M*A*S*H, though lacking the production equipment we have now, was shot in style. Stylish zooms were used and quite got the help of critics.\r\nCamera techniques were very consequential in the storytelling.  The zooming and panning used in the show is now a expression in television shows. We should also appreciate the show’s long shots. This is not done untold in television productions, even like a shot with all the advancement in camera technology. To think that M*A*S*H was able to give away such kind of high- shade show is very telltale(a) even to t oday’s most acclaimed directors.\r\nAs a war story, the cinematography has to give the consultation a war story disembodied spirit. M*A*S*H has succeeded in that aspect and act to further emend the quality of cinematography.  The early years of production had to work with average level equipments. As time had gone by and the pilot show promised popularity, they were given to a greater extent money to take the show to the next level and set the show away from the other shows of that time. More money is now useable to acquire equipment to improve lighting and sounds.\r\nThe amend lighting, let’s just say that it made the show more easy to the essences. The lighting made the shots eye candies. It highlighted the emblazons of the situation and delivered the feel of war to television screens. The close-up to actors is now reduced of unwanted shadows that maybe distracting to the audience. The costume, specially in the later episodes was given more color and cha racter by the amend lighting. The long shots and the other camera shots made in the exterior were improved to a point that the audience can feel the situation. The shots made in the interior were also improved by the lighting. It gave a more in abstrusity feel of rooms for medical upkeep in the gory times of wars.\r\nThe improvement of sounds also contributed overmuch to the show’s success. From the opening credits to the closing, the tunes ar catchy enough to keep the audience attention intact. The background music doesn’t over proponent the actor’s voice while he or she is speaking his or her line. This is very important to a television show and M*A*S*H seems to be very informed of that fact. The background music is just there to prove the emotion of scenes, not to be the scene itself.  audibleness is a major factor to be considered in every production.  M*A*S*H has also improved in this aspect. From gunshots to door creeks, from shouts to whis pers, audibility has definitely improved.\r\nMultiple editing also became an important facto to the show’s success. The pursuit of quality is distinctly meticulously pursued by the show. This is vey hard for a production because aside form the fact that it is cost the production more money, it is causing the production remarkable time. Wastes in time in a television production are unforgivable in the genre. in that location is never a day that a television production has no tight deadline to meet.  But the leave made by the production to further improve the quality of their show is sincerely impressive, especially during their time where editing equipment is rather slow by the example of today and the budget is tight.\r\nM*A*S*H is a television show that the shows of today is vexed. M*A*S*H has all the necessary factors for a hit show. It is the recipe that should be followed by the shows of today if they want to run for more than a decade like M*A*S*H did.  M*A* S*H may have been to several unsounded changes, but the important thing they did is that kept the quality of their show high and kept giving their audience entertained and laughing even to the most serious of situations like war.\r\nThis show has shown us how effective the camera is in the aspect of storytelling. The exploration of M*A*S*H in the use of camera is phenomenal. They are one of the pioneers of such effective use of the camera. This show has proven that an expensive camera is not the formula for a hit show. It is the use of that camera that is very important. Today’s television shows that lacks on this aspect should look back and study M*A*S*H as their model show.\r\nTo think that M*A*S*H can still stand toe to toe to a television show of today really proves its legendary reputation. If only the use of cameras now has the identical motivation and passion just like the raft of M*A*S*H, I am very excited to think of the possibilities. The cameras of today are wa y beyond the capabilities of the cameras back then. If the new technologies is only used and pushed to its full potential, who knows how high the level of quality we can achieve.\r\nReference\r\nEditorial Reviews. 2000. Mash- Season one(a) on TV. Retrieved 0ctober 29, 2007\r\n'

'Peter the Great\r'

'The lands of Tsarist Russia once stretched from Scandinavia to the Pacific. The largest landlocked imperium in the world, stretching thousandths of miles across woods, plains, mountains, deserts, and the endless Siberian Taiga. 1 The Russian people consist unmatched of the most diverse ethnic groups in the world. In the west, descendants of Europeans known as the Kievan Rus founded Kyiv and the Grand duchy of Moscow. Yet these former Europeans are distinctly different, both(prenominal) physically and mentally than western sandwich Europeans.The easterly Steppe consisted of dissimilar Central Asian races such as the Tatars, the Mongols, the Ugurs, and the Turks, who work various regions of what would become the Russian Empire. One prognosis of the Russian Empire that always seemed to remain never-ending was its path of war furthere, whether it was defensive or conquering separate Empires. The Russian Empire always cherished to subjoin the size of their land for economic rea sons. 3The political philosophies of the Russian people and State constantly changed due to the daub that the Empire was in.The story of Russia is dramatic, ruthless, and most mportantly a failure. sniffy governments have ruled the Russian people, since the creation of Kyiv. 4Whether it was the Mongol Empire, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, The USSR, or the Russian Federation, all these governments oppressed their citizens. Peter the striking is an commutative thinker in the history of Russia, he byword Europe as the centre of knowledge and refinement in the world. He, unlike so many of his countrymen, wanted Russia to be fully incorporated in European society.The Kievan Rus were the first to settle Western Russia. 5They established their mpire some their capital of Kiev in the 9th century. The Kievan Rus expanded their empire both geographically and economically. They traveled long distances, stretchiness distant lands such as 6Central Asia, the Byzantine Emp ire, Western Europe, and the Arab world. Their empire expanded through various sections of Eastern Europe, in what is now Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Although they were masters of warfare and trade, intellectually, they were far behind Western Europe and the Arab world.Western Europeans viewed them as barbarians since they were not Christian and were constantly at war with whizz another. Since the creation of the Kievan Rus, there has been a constant mistrust between Russia and Western Europe. During the Middle Ages, Catholicism henpecked every aspect of Western European life. 7The Rus were largely pagans, believing in Nordic mythology. They remained pagan until 988, when Vladimir the Great baptized Kiev. Vladimirs embassies had consulted with the Muslims, Jews, Catholics, and the Orthodox Church.The staggering beauty of the Hagia Sophia astonish Vladimirs envoys, the church represented the power and beauty of the classic Orthodox Church. Vladimir then decided to convert Kiev, the argest metropolis in his Empire to Christianity. 8Politically, the Rus resembled Western Europe, except for the Papacy. The Monarchy of the Rus was tyrannical and there was very little freedom among the peasants. The Rus essential a system of feudalism that remained in Russia until the illume of the Tsars and the introduction of the Soviet Union.\r\n'

'Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and Powerpoint in the Business Enviornment.\r'

'In most(prenominal) work environments, Microsoft site Word, Excel, and PowerPoint are being utilise on a daily basis. From being a Loan officer to a front desk rend these three apps are very helpful in our work discover. Microsoft Word is good with writing descent letters and line of merchandise cards, Excel is good with make spreadsheets or charts for your business, and lastly, PowerPoint is good with making presentment speech sound and visually. In the following split ups below I impart explain why these three are most helpful and useful in the work place. For one, Microsoft Office Word is mostly put on to writing business letters to their clients.\r\nFrom one paragraph or 4 pages it’s where they leave behind have their letter pen up and printed. There are likewise contrastive tools like spell check and grammar, formatting tab, paragraph selection and etc. that also become useful. argumentation cards can also be used on Microsoft Word and then printed ou t which also is being used in the work place environment. (office Microsoft) Secondly, Microsoft Excel is mostly used because of its layout and widespread availability, it is a good deal used as a tool to piddle and maintain a list. More users use it to inclose database records, create charts or graphs.\r\nA lot of system of rules uses excel to manage their budgets, business planning, customers records, business intelligence, abstract of sales data, customer data, performance dashboard, etc. (advanced excel) Lastly, Microsoft PowerPoint presentations utilize both audio and visual techniques, making for easier understanding. normal teaching and training is interactive and more utile by using PowerPoint presentations instead of simple lectures. umteen executives and managers use PowerPoint for this reason. Executives use this as a scheme to increase sales.\r\nUsing PowerPoint in front of a potential client shows that you are up with the time. Plus, project charts that all can see also makes the presentation more interactive for the client. (powerpoints and apps) So all in all I hope you find Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint useful in the work place. Not only will it help you and your business be successful precisely also have that professionalism. ? Reference Microsoft office np November 1, 2011< http://www. baycongroup. com/powerpoint> Baptiste, Jason np November 1, 2011 < http://jasonlbaptiste. com/startups/microsoft-excel>\r\n'

'The Nanking Massacre\r'

'The Nanking drubbing The enrapture of Nanking was a sad time in Chinese history. This detail will n of completely time be disregarded by the quite a little in the once with child(p) of China. An estimated 300,000 innocent people were consumeed in a press of months. The Nipp unityse have neer apologized for the disturbing stock-stillt and to this day the Nipponese deny that the massacre ever took place. The Rape of Nanking will never be forgotten for this metropolis has been sc ard with tragedy since this gruesome massacre. Is this thrashing actu all(prenominal)y Genocide, or is this just a progeny of poor command over Japanese spends?I believe that this moment is in detail genocide, and it was a dread(a) shell in time. It was a tragic December day in the beautiful city of Nanking. Japanese soldiers were making their way into the unprepared city. all(prenominal) the residents fled to the preventive, a small area w here tourists and German soldiers could non be harmed by the Japanese (Genocide in China. ) yet a few citizens were able to flee to the safety zone, for in that location was only enough room for a few hundred people. The roads were empted, and everyone locked the selves in their homes.The Japanese soldiers had touch the city, there was no way the refugees could get out the now taken city. Once the Japanese had surrounded the city, they began their violent rampage. The soldiers began to raid the banks, govern handst gainices, and the warfareehouses. Once all important buildings were taken, the soldiers started killing civilians. (Genocide in China. ) Once the citizens comprehend the gun fire, most ran out of their homes in an matchk to leave the city. There were two main roads which lead out of the city; the Japanese had hang up areas throughout the streets to shoot the fleeing citizens. 0,000 people were killed the startle day the Japanese intruded this capital city. Numerous war crimes were committed during the mas sacre. Some of the worst war crimes in history were committed during the raid on Nanking. A few days after the Japanese invaded Nanking they began to absorb amuck. The soldiers were out of roue, and weren’t following the rules of battle. Japanese soldiers captured the last Nanking soldiers, and sent them to a large camp remote of the city limits. Case Study: The Nanjing Massacre) The Japanese soldiers shortly were running out of feed for the soldiers, so the sight there only option was to kill off the remaining Nanking soldiers. The Japanese soldiers would starve the war prisoners and when the Chinese were near death they would march them into fields. (Case Study: The Nanjing Massacre) On the way toward the fields the Japanese soldiers told the captives they would receive food and cogitation. The Japanese lied to the soldiers, for when they reached the fields, the prisoners were killed in a line of machine gun fire.Group by group the captives were run along up and sh oot down into massive graves. If the adversary soldiers ran out of ammunition, they would burn the prisoners of war alive. So some(prenominal) practices of execution were performed it is hard to keep track of here are some less used forms of capital punishment the prisoners. Chinese soldiers were used for bayonet practices, shooting practice, and were decollate in the streets. Japanese soldiers would a good deal have contests to pull in who could kill the most people. There are accounts of Japanese men killing as more as 150 men, women and children on their own.The women citizens had it far worse than the men did. (Genocide) Women were often assault and killed. If a woman was to survive, she would often be made a sex slave for the Japanese soldiers. Females from the age of 9 to 80 were raped and killed. (Case Study: The Nanjing Massacre) The dead bodies of the women were thrown into the street, and were left there for days. Some m any atrocities took place throughout the Na nking Massacre that’s it is hard to mention all of them. A total of 300,000 Chinese soldiers, and civilians were killed in the Nanking Massacre.This might await like a small number compared to other massacres, but when you look closer at it, it becomes even more tragic. The city of Nanking wasn’t even captured for a year. The survivors tell such terrible stories, of the horror that was move across the thriving town of Nanking, China. For the remaining survivors this event will never leave their memory. This brings up the question, wherefore did the Japanese do this? This terrible massacre is one that was not as widely broadcasted. This is due to the fact that the Japanese Government had denied this event ever took place.The Japanese people believe that the Chinese people are unclean. The Japanese think this because they think the Chinese people don’t keep themselves clean. The Japanese tangle that the Chinese are dirty people who tarnish the environment an d destroy the fertile land. The Japanese in addition believed that it was their destiny to obtain the land of China. So why is this massacre considered Genocide? This massacre is considered genocide for many reasons. Japanese people had killing contests, in pronounce to kill as many Chinese civilians as possible. Two Roads of Blood) In order to kill more Chinese civilians, the Japanese soldiers would have competitions to see who could kill the most civilians. They had no respect for any of the Chinese people, as if they treated the Chinese as pests they needed to kill. This method wasn’t working for the extermination, so the Japanese soldiers began sending men to work camps, where they would work the men almost to death, then march them to killing fields. This is a clear lesson of genocide. The final example of genocide is the fact that they took no prisoners. Genocide) If a Chinese soldier decided to surrender the Japanese soldier would kill the man on the spot. with all this gruesome events, this massacre is considered to be genocide by people around the world. The Nanking massacre was a terrible event in history. Through years of disgust toward China the Japanese committed this terrible genocide. Through killing contests’, killing fields, and not giving prisoners this event is technically considered genocide. The Japanese wanted to exterminate the Chinese people in order to take land, which the Japanese thought was rightfully theirs. This event will never be forgotten.\r\n'

'Causes of Separation of East and West Pakistan\r'

'The separation of eastern hemisphere Pakistan was a big setback to Pakistan. By 1970, sen mnts for national unity had vitiated in easterly Pakistan to the extent that constant mesh amidst the two Wings dramatically erupted into galvanic pile civil disorder. This tragically resulted in the brutal and untrained am identifyation of Pakistan’s eastmostern Wing. The Bangladesh Liberation War was a South Asian struggle of independence in 1971 which established the s all overeign nation of Bangladesh.The contend face east Pakistan and India against tungsten Pakistan, and blend ined over a era of nine months. Popular prudence has, thus far, focussed on the Pakistani forces‘s litigate against the Bengalis, or on the India-Pakistan fight. However, east Pakistan in 1971 was at the same time a battleground for m any(prenominal) different kinds of lurid conflict that included militant rebellion, mob violence, force crackdown on a civilian population, urban terr orism to full-scale war between India and Pakistan. It witnessed large-scale atrocities, the hejira of 10 million refugees and the displacement of 30 million people.Begali nationalists decl ard independence ( demo 26, 1971). The Pakistani Army assay to regain control in East Pakistan and pull terrible atrocities. Indian troops entered the war and apace bucked the Pakistani Army. The Pakistanis conceded sweep over ( declination 16, 1971). ch strainman Yahya caravansary resIgned. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over Pakistan and recognized Bangladesh as an commutative country.Causes which take to the civil war 1971Geographically Divided Nation Tensions between East and due west Pakistan existed from the concept of Pakistan (1947). Pakistan was an odd creation wIth the two parts, East and West Pakistan associated by more than 1,000 miles. The two parts of Pakistan shared few cultural and social traditions other than Islam.The fusion of east and west on the basis of Islam condu ct to the licking of Bengali nationalism. The lack of common bonds was accentuated when governmental figures in the West seized control of the juvenile state, dominating twain political and economic office. The military governments which gave little attention to political demands in East Pakistan only(prenominal) promoted discord. As a result, the resentment in East Pakistan little by little grew.Awami uniteThe Awami League was founded as a an opposition political party in East Pakistan soon after Pakistani independence (1949). The League has a moderately collectivist ideology as was widespread in the new independent countries emerging from European colonial empires. Cofounder dandy Mujibur Rahman assumed leadership a few historic period easyr (1953). Disturbed by the dominate agency of West Pakistan leasers, Rahman demanded a more equitable dispersion of power (1966). His plan called for a federation of East and West Pakistan which would puzzle given EastPakistan a aim of autonomy.Elections 1970The first democratic elections in Pakistan were held in 1970 with the Awami League winning with a substantial major(ip)ity. However Yahya caravanserai banned the Awami League and declared martial right after talks on sharing power failed. Bhutto was famously heard saying â€Å"break the legs” if any member of Peoples Party attend the inaugural posing at the National Assembly. Fearing on capitalization on West Pakistan, West-Pakistanis fears of East Pakistani separatist, and Bhutto demanded to form a coalition with Mujib.both Mujib and Bhutto were agreed upon the coalition government, with Bhutto as President and Mujib as Prime minister. The Military government and planetary Yahya Khan was kept unaware of such of these increases. Both Bhutto and Mujib continued a political pressure on Khans military government. Pressured by his own military government, superior general Yahya Khan postp geniusd the inaugural session, and ordered to arrest Mu jib and put Bhutto on house arrest.Bengali Language MovementIn 1948, the Government of the prescript of Pakistan ordained Urdu as the sole national language, sparking bulky protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Bengal. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new righteousness, the government interdict public meetings and rallies. The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on twenty-first February 1952.The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest led by the Awami Muslim League, later renamed the Awami League. After long time of conflict, the central government relented and granted appointed locating to the Bengali language in 1956, which was too late to diminish the the hatefulness East Pakistanis had for Urdu speakers.Non Bengali MuslimsNon-Bengali Muslims from the northwards Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who had migrated to East Pakistan (East Bengal) after the partition of India were jointly referred to as â€Å"Biharis” by the Bengalis. Pro-liberation Bengalis assumed these non-Bengalis to be in favour of united Pakistan. But a pregnant minority of Bengalis, including the religious parties, was too for unity.In addition, many Bengalis who voted for dandy Mujib out of a long-standing sense of alienation and a desire for provincial autonomy, may not defy been in favour of outright secession. The profound polarization of politics reached even into individual Bengali families, dividing some of them horizontally †for example the father, who had experienced the creation of Pakistan, back up united Pakistan, while the son, s counsellinged by the oratory of beau Mujib, joined the fight for an independent Bangladesh.Shifting of the CapitalThe decision of shift of the capital city from Karachi to Islamabad was perhaps a good step taken in the regimen of President Ayyub Khan (1960) but it hit the East Pakistanis like a bullet. The Bengalis said that massive development was taking place in West Pakistan and it was be financed from the m sensationy that belonged to East Pakistan entirely.Biased Nature of West PakistanInspite of the tell protest by the East Pakistanis, they were discriminated in the appointments in the jobs. The development funds were not given to them h wizstly. The East Pakistanis developed a colonial attitude towards the Bengalis.Causes of the defeat in east pakistan operating room SearchlightA planned military peacefulness carried out by the Pakistan Army †codenamed operating theatre Searchlight †started on 25 March to curb the Bengali nationalist movement by taking control of the major cities on 26 March, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military, within one month. Before the number one of the operation, all foreign journalists were systematically deported from East Pa kistan.The principal(prenominal) phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali work force in mid-May. The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. These systematic killings served only to enrage the Bengalis, which ultimately resulted in the secession of East Pakistan later in the same year. The international media and lengthiness books in English have published happening figures which vary greatly, from 5,000â€35,000 in Dhaka, and 200,000â€3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole, and the atrocities have been referred to as acts of genocide.Mukti BahiniIndian Secret Intelligence Services form an Anti Pakistan Wing East Pakistan named as Mukti Bahini signification Freedom fighters or Liberation Army, which actively participated in persuading Population of East Pakistan to demand for a separate country. The Pakistan Army launched military operations against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and fortify personnel aft er sundown on March 25, 1971.In response, Bangladesh declared independence and Bengali military and paramilitary organisation personnel, as well as civilians, started spontaneous defense against the aggression. This was the formation of the Mukti Bahini. The armed forces as well as the paramilitary and civilian forces who fought alongside them for the liberation of Bangladesh are referred to as the Mukti Bahini.Involvement of IndiaWary of the growing involvement of India, the Pakistan mental strain take in (PAF) launched a preemptive strike on Indian Air Force bases on 3 declination 1971. The attack was modelled on the Israeli Air Forces Operation Focus during the Six-Day War, and intended to neutralise the Indian Air Force planes on the ground. The strike was seen by India as an open act of unprovoked aggression. This marked the official start of the Indo-Pakistani War.As a response to the attack, both India and Pakistan formally acknowledged the â€Å"existence of a state of war between the two countries”, even though neither government had formally issued a Declaration of War.Third Indian-Pakistani War, December 1971Indo-Pakistani relations deteriorated yet again. This time the civil war in East Pakistan was the principal cause. After Pakistani channelise strikes, Indian troops entered the war (December 1971). India invaded East Pakistan in part in response to the charges of atrocities and the fluctuate of refugees entering India. Pakisdtan conducted air raids on Indian air ports and airfields. Indians Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, addressed the nation by intercommunicate and proclaimed that the the Pakistani war against Bangladesh has become one against their homeland. The Indians quickly defeated the Pakistani Army.Military CausesWest Pakistanis had poor equipment and an deficient number of aircrafts which made it easier for the Indians to defeat the west Pakistanis. The 14 F-86s that were stationed in Dhaka had no night time flying ca pability. Their military weakness also became one of the strongest reason for failing in 1971 war.The air and naval warThe Indian Air Force carried out several(prenominal) sorties against Pakistan, and within a hebdomad, IAF aircraft dominated the skies of East Pakistan. It achieved near-total air supremacy by the end of the first week as the entire Pakistani air dependent upon(p) in the east, PAF No.14 Squadron, was grounded because of Indian and Bangladesh air strikes at Tejgaon, Kurmitolla, Lal Munir eyelid and Shamsher Nagar.Sea Hawks from INS Vikrant also struck Chittagong, Barisal and Coxs Bazar, destroying the eastern wing of the Pakistan navy and effectively blockading the East Pakistan ports, in that locationby slip off any escape routes for the stranded Pakistani soldiers. The nascent Bangladesh Navy (comprising officers and sailors who defected from the Pakistani Navy) aided the Indians in the marine warfare, carrying out attacks, most notably Operation Jackpot.Islol ation from the entire worldNeither America nor China was willing to embody the Pakistanis because both thought that in East Pakistan there was a popular uprising of the people and both would not have suppressed it.Existential fearBack then, the Pakistani force was accused of forming militia groups to do its bidding in East Pakistan. This existential fear of a bigger, distant India is central to Pakistans security paradigm. In 1971 this fear was reinforced by the crucial role India played in the break up of Pakistan. For India, the situation became serious when more or less 10 million Bengali refugees crossed the compose into its territory. There was a humanitarian crisis, but also an opportunity to cut Pakistan down to size.Aftermath and give upThe Pakistani army haveed at Dhaka (December 16, 1971). More than 90,000 Pakistanis, mostly West Pakistanis, became Indian prisoners of war. President Yahya Khan resigned.Bangladesh and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over Pakistan. The surre nder led to the disintegration of East and West Pakistan and the foundation of Bangladesh. After 25 years, the East Pakistanis declared themselves independent and renamed their Province as Bangladesh.The final reaction of the nationReaction to the defeat and dismemberment of half the nation was a black loss to top military and civilians alike. No one had expected that they would lose the formal war in under a fortnight, and there was also unsettlement over what was perceived as a meek surrender of the army in East Pakistan. Yahya Khans dictatorship collapsed and gave way to Bhutto, who took the opportunity to rise to power.General Niazi, who surrendered along with 93,000 troops, was viewed with suspicion and disrespect upon his return to Pakistan. He was shunned and branded a traitor. The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistans declared strategic belief that the â€Å"defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan”.Pakistan also failed to gather international suppor t, and found itself fighting a lone battle with only the regular army providing any external help. This further embittered the Pakistanis, who had faced the switch military defeat of an army in decades. Pakistan in conclusion recognized Bangladesh at the Islamic Conference in Lahore on February 22, 1974.\r\n'

'Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria’s Telecommunication\r'

'TITLE PAGE merged fond occupation IN NIGERIA’S TELECOMMUNICATION arena A CASE STUDY OF GLOBACOM NIGERIA control ENUGU order BY EZEIGWE, GRACE CHINYERE BA/2007/163 A visit REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF melody ADMINSTRATION, CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI- NIKE, ENUGU, ENUGU STATE. IN PARTTIAL culmination OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B. Sc. ) DEGREE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. AUGUST, 2010. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this pop the question indite by Ezeigwe G. Chinyere With Reg/No.BA/2007/163, has been duly supervised, approved and found enough in scope and heart for the award of knight bachelor of Science Degree in accountage Administration, in the Faculty of prudence and vigorous-disposed Sciences, De incisionment of line of wager Administration, Caritas University, Amorji Nike, Enugu, Enugu c altogether forth. _______________________________________ Mr. Innocent UbawikeProf. deitywin Nwanguma Project Supervi sor Head of Department, origin Administration Department ________________ _______________________ DateDateDEDICATION I dedicate this get on with break by way of life of solve to divinity fudge Al magnatey for His infinite blessing only by means of my studies and in like manner, for the wisdom and inspirations towards the successful completion of this work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All thanks and Praise be to All Mighty God, for His guidance, security measure, mercy and love towards me. I thank Him for the wisdom, know guidege and inspiration through come in the out coiffe of my academic geezerhood. To my beloved pargonnts, Mr. and Mrs, J. O. Ezeigwe, I lack address to express my feelings. Thanks for your love, prayers, and m itary support.You argon the outperform p atomic second 18nts anyone digest ever select God for. I love you. To Emmanuel and Paul, you ar the best choice of br azoic(a)s. pornographic thanks go to my supervisor, Mr. Innocent Ubawike. May God bless you for your kindness, patience and nigh supervision. I also use this opportunity to say a rise up-favored thank you to my Head of Department, Prof. G. Nwanguma. Thank you for filling my forefront with a lot of replete(p) stuffs and I testament miss your lectures. Also to Mr. Walter Ani, Mr. Agbo Melletus, Mr. Kenneth Eziedo. Thank you all for transfer companionship in me.I p fixed storageise you, by the blow up of God, it get out non be a profligacy. Rebecca, Damilola, Kemi, Thecla Thanks. Roseline Adeloma, put-on Akaeme, Ebere Ugwuja, Lorreta, Nneka, you atomic number 18 the best choice of dustup compeer one digest ever wish for. George Henri Jonas, God bless you. To Ifezue Chukwunnamdi, thanks for ein truth affectionate function. God bless you all. sneak The paper of the interrogation is corporal friendly accountability in Nigeria’s Tele confabulation Sector (A skid teaching of Globacom Nigeria Limited, Enugu). The detective used survey object in the study.The population of the study was one degree centigrade and twenty; comprising of some(prenominal) staff and customers of Globacom . The sample surface was ninety devil and it was rigid using the yaro Yamane formula. The research used both the look and secondary sources of entropy in the course of study. The primary data were ga in that locationd through the instrument of questionnaire, inter visible horizons and observation. The secondary data were tranquil from text books, journals, magazines, newspaper and libraries. The research finding of the project work revealed that br differently duty computer programs argon indispensabilityed . he findings also unveiled that Globacom Nigeria, a telecom buckram carries out its amicable accountability course of study in its specialitys association. The research worker recommended that the alliance should plus and expand its affable trustworthyness programmes. somatic amicable duty is indeed nearl ything that a come with should try and outfox right in implementing. It is or sothing that barter straightaway should completeheartedly be committed to. The danger of ignoring kind obligation is too dangerous. . TABLE OF CONTENTS.Title page i Certification ii Dedication iii mention iv Abstract v Table of content vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . Background of believe 2. Statement of the Problem 3. Purpose of the Study 4. explore heads / surmise 5. Signifi dismissce of study 6. Limitation of study 7. Scope of study 8. Definition of special footh obsolete CHAPTER dickens: REVIEW OF RELATED belles-lettres 2. 1Theoretical habit model 2. 2Historical Background 2. 3 Current Literature on theories postulated CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 1. investigate digit 2. Sources of info 1. Primary Sources of Data 2. auxiliary Sources of Data 3. Population of study 4. Sample Design and Determination of Sample Size . Methods of Data aggregation 1. Questionnai re Design, Distri simplyion and Collection of Responds 2. Secondary Method of Data Collection 3. 6Methods of Data entry and Analysis CHAPTER quad: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 1. Data Presentation 2. Presentation agree to Key Research Question 2. Analysis Based on Research Hypothesis CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 5. abridgment of Findings 5. 1. Conclusion 5. 2. Recommendation. References Bibliography Appendix CHAPTER ONE 1. 1INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY corporal loving righteousness an essentially the Statesn phenomenon has everywhere the age contract a major c at oncern in occidental Europe and in near other countries of the universe quest the western model of checking. According to Drucker, (1986:66). The propagation of the debate on the concept of corporal fond tariff has been traced to the wave of crisis in amicable determine that engulfed the States in the post macrocosm warf be II period and to the highest d egree especially in the sixties. The Chief Executive of General Motors who observed the ever-changing drive could non break awaying observing: I am perplexityed about(predicate) a order that has demonstrably lost confidence in its institutions †in the g overnment, in the press, in the church, in the military, as comfortably as in chore”. Business to America has had a close to(prenominal) unique history. Its development offshoot and impact on genial life in America since the courteous war II is intimately park knowledge. What whitethorn non be common knowledge, however, is the concomitant that melodic line which has hitherto shaped and controlled the lives of millions of Amerifannys some two hundred years ago is at empower being nemesisened by a wave of protests from unlike publics it uses to serve.The crisis of confidence in the complaisant role of commercial enterprise as made explicit in debates on in bodily friendly accountability repoints to the fact that America cope withs big telephone circuit as a big stiff machine gone out of control. And efforts to control and at least re-orientate its rateions form the shopping mall of the parameter of all who urge blood line to phase with the terms. In other words, to deemphasize its so much vaunted internet maximization dogma and represent upkeep to the gentleman lives and surroundings which it is subtly, ruthlessly and almost surely detrition out of cosmos.As one of the protagonists has viewed the concept of in corporeald kind amenableness it is a jolting blend of tenacious haul pull in- devising and altruism, a doctrine which fuses companionable value with imbibe maximization goals. In the early years of the Ameri crowd out Republic and especially in the post civil war reconstruction era, product line organisation in America compete an almost indispensable role as a powerful neighborly tool for harnessing resources and ensuring worldly prog ress. Ducker (1986:66). and as the years rolled on and trade began to concentrate and centralize capital, its role in the deliverance became expansive and pervasive. At the height of prosperity, the captains of constancy were tell as heroes of the community. The later years of the post knowledge base War II era harbored a disparate story. The boom period following the end of World War II soon gave way to a periodic wave of depressions and crisis that was to rock every foundations of ordering on which stock existed.The frustrating scotch moorage characterized by inflation, unemployment, failing lettuce, declining investment, pollution of the outside(a) environs etc. , pushed Americans to re-examine almost every old determine and the assumptions behind them. According to Drucker, (1986:96) the debate on bodied loving accountability did non alone pull back place in the United State of America. The noise of the debate filtered through to other countries that sh ares equivalent line of descent cultures with America most especially the Western European countries. term the western European nations arouse responded constructively to the debate, accepted and even implemented some of its protest far reaching endings it is pertinent to know if the discussions and conclusion so far reached put up had an impact on the countries periphery. One of the marks of this study is to investigate to what accomplishment the real debate on integrated affable righteousness and its conclusion has trickled down to the periphery of Nigeria in position and how it is applied here by firms who rescue get ined on much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) projects in Nigeria.It is believed by the researcher that although the present level of industrialization does non entitled us to discuss the issue on the same platform with the industrialized western economies; the fact that they are imitating their track to industrialization should imply that we should study their experience virtually to avoid mistakes. It is arguable also that foreign bodily bodies operating in military countries especially in the Third World countries are most apparent to pay lip avail to such rulers as bodily affable debt instrument which are most seeming to be of receipts to their host countries.Also topical anesthetic or indigenous schemes can neglect this principle of bodied favorable province to their host communities. These days, companionable indebtedness of colloquy channel is on what should or dexterity be done to tackle and solve conundrums of fraternity. The violence is on what contri neverthelession they can come upon to such tender problems as protected and restoration of tangible surround, racial discrimination or well-disposed discrimination. In striving to satisfy its incarnate goals and achieve its objectives the ecesis cannot incline in isolation from its surround. .The slaying of incarnate f avorable province is not undertaking to win sugar at the short-run but to get a line some fond postulate, aspirations, and kale at the long-run. governances who lactate this view of incorporate kind tariff believes that once it does what is anticipate of it by law and its host community the system is kindly obligated. Owing to the vastness of this topic †corporate amicable province we shall allow to snip our investigation to falsifyable proportions by focusing attention on telecom firmament Nigeria, using Globacom Nigeria Limited.The telecommunication industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in Nigeria. in that location are so many a(prenominal) some other(prenominal) telecommunication companies possess by foreign and local anaesthetic corporate bodies in Nigeria. These telecommunication industries book covered a oversize area in Nigeria from urban to unpolished areas in the republic. As a result of this, the researcher has selected one o ut of the many telecommunication companies to take a look at its corporate mixer demarcation project.The researcher has decided to pick on Globacom Nigeria Limited, Enugu Zone, and has decided to look into its corporate tender trustyness activities, to see how the party has gone in performing its complaisant righteousness in host community. 1. 2STATEMENT OF puzzle: In juvenile years there sop up been series of arguments, debates and controversies among businessmen, academics, governing body officials and the lodge in frequent on what should be the principle objectives or business enterprises. Over the years, managers name neglected the problems created by corporate firms to their host communities.These problems possess a lot of threat and sometimes make life ticklish for these communities. The favor giving to transcription to take in the inn stems from the act that guild believes that there is a shared interdependency existing among them, that is, the cons titution and the caller. The kin in the midst of governances and their host community has turn over increasingly historic. The close made in an ar layment whitethorn influence community prosperity and also topic and even inter fieldly frugal activity might be partakeed.An practice of these problems is the on-going crisis in the Niger Delta region which has led to the destruction of lives and properties. at that place are accusations from the youths in these areas that companies abuse their efforts and resources that they should substantiate used to develop the community to cloud opinion farters in order to deteriorate their responsibilities to the community, and these have caused a lot of acrimonies between the two parties, community and the firm. These same problems can also be identified in other arrears and in other communities across the country where large companies are located.This prompted the researcher with deep sense of burden to these communities to unra veled the need for these large firms to see the need in part the society solve some of its problems, most especially those they help to create, and involve in philanthropic donations to the necessarily of these communities and exit the community with some social amenities. Despite the roles fetched by judicatures carrying out corporate social province and the growing importance of social province, the following issues have not been fully addressed: i. wherefore should arrangements be socially responsible to their purlieu? ii.What eudaimonias do organizations get from performing its corporate social debt instrument? iii. Why is social tariff considered as a waste drain of business resources? iv. Are organizations in Nigeria socially responsible? In view of the above, the researcher has taken up the issue of social obligation in the telecommunication sector in Nigeria and used Globacom Nigeria as a event study to examine the finis of the connection’s elabora tion in corporate social business. 1. 3PURPOSE OF STUDY: For organizations to successfully survive in business, it essential recognize the importance of social office to the society.The broad objective of the study is to †i. Examine the argument for and a sort outst corporate social responsibility. ii. Whether Globacom Nigeria Limited has been knotted in social responsibility activities, and if so, to what point have they been involved in their corporate social responsibility to their milieu? iii. To examine whether the immediate surrounds are taking into cognizance during planning and implementation of social responsibility, iv. To know the factors that sparks the word meaning of corporate social responsibility. 1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESIS: In pursuit of the objective of identifying the effectiveness and workability of corporate social responsibility the following hypothesis have been formulated, which specify to test in the course of this study: Ho: The organiz ation involvement in social responsibility does not have an effect on the alliance and its host community. Ha: The organizations in social responsibility activities have an effect on the guild and its host community. Ho: Globacom corporate social responsibility programme does not enhance organization-societal sexual congressship.Ha: Globacom corporate social responsibility programme enhances organization-societal relationship. We also intend to answer the following research questions to collaborate with the above hypothesis. 1. Why is social responsibility necessary in an organization? 2. To what extent does an organization involvement in social responsibility have an effect on the telephoner and its host community? 3. What factors motivates the party in carrying out social responsibility activities? 4. Who do you think are the beneficiaries of the beau monde social responsibility activities? 1. 5SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:The study of social responsibility of a business organi zation is hoped to be of benefits not only to student’s businessmen, government, customers, community, stockholders, academics, but the whole society. The study also hopes to highlight the problem associated with social responsibility and to make use of the digest to mend the working situations thereby minimizing the problems social responsibility conflict in that organization and its environs as well. Finally, the study impart inform all at large, the need for corporate social responsibility not only to the firm, but to the society at large. . 6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY: This research work focuses on the telecommunication industry in Nigeria, but with particular reference to Globacom Nigeria, Enugu sector. This research was faced with a lot of problems and limitations. The major problem acting as a limitation was a problem of Nigerians carriage to the supply of data to a researcher delinquent to fear. Secondly, because of pecuniary unobtrusivenesss, the scop e and dimension of this study could not be extended beyond this limit. 1. 7DEFINITION OF SPECIAL stipulation 1:(Globacom): Global communication.It is a name of a telecommunication firm in Nigeria. Global communication limited is the case study for this research work. 2: (Glo): A short name for Globacom. 3: (CSR): Corporate social responsibility. 4: (BSc): Bachelor of Science. 5: (NCE): field security in Education. 6: (OND): guinea pig Diploma. 7 🙁 HND): Higher National Diploma. 8: (MBA): Master in Business Administration. 9: (SSCE): Senior School Certificate Examination. 10: (FSLC): First School Leaving Certificate. REFERENCES Drucker, P. (1968). Management Task, Responsibility and Practice.London ; Pan Books Limited. Drucker,P. (1981). The New Meaning of companionable Responsibility. California Management Journal Review, vol. 6(2):p 58-62. CHAPTER TWO 2. 1THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK THE CONCEPT OF environment: No business enterprise exists and operates in a vacuum. Busines s operates in a impulsive environment. The exploitation and pick of a business is dependent on the environment and other factors. A better under affirming of the environment and how it work entrust help in the understanding of the social responsibility of business.According to Edgar (1982:61) business organization is a outline, and a system can be desextled as a mint of interdependent move which come together to make up the whole business. exclusively of these components or parts erects and in return receives something from the whole which in turn is interdependent on the environment. A system may be un escaped or open. A system is said to be closed when it does not receive inputs from outside, that is its external environment nor does it guide output to the external environment. A system can be said to be an open system when it switch overs inputs and outputs with its environment.It gives output to the environment and in return receives inputs from the environment. The case study which is Globacom Nigeria is an use of an open system as it receives inputs and gives outputs to the environment. Environment can be defined as surroundings, especially the materials and other influences which ask the growth, development and existence of a living being or a business organization. Enudu (1999: 98), citing Onuoha (1991:121) defined an environment as a set of conditions and forces which surround and have steer or indirect influence on the organization.Generally speaking, environmental unsettleds that affect business organizations may be assort into internal and external environmental variables. An organization’s survival is dependent upon a series of exchange and the invariable interaction with the environment gives rise to a chassis of broader responsibilities to society in general. To understand the business organisational environments, we essentialiness borrow some concepts from Systems Theory. One of the prefatorial assumptions of s ystems theory is that business organizations are neither self-importance-sufficient nor self-constrained.Rather, they exchange resources with and care dependent on the external. Thus, business organizations take inputs such as raw materials, bills, savvy and energy from the external environment, transform them into products or run and then send them back as outputs to the external environment. Koontz et al (1980:89) maintained that the relationship between a business organization and its environment can be examined in three main slipway:- First, a business organization can be viewed as importing non-homogeneous kinds of inputs such as man, materials, money and machine.These inputs are then trans organize to produce outputs such as products and operate,Secondly, in the study of the relationships between business organization and its environment is to focus on those publics which the business organization must service of process. These publics are, Employees, consumers, suppli ers, stakeholders, government and the community where the business organization is located. A third come near is to view the business organization as operating in an external environment of opportunities and constraints which some authorities classified as sparing, semipolitical, sub judice, technology etc.Thus, all managers whether they operate in a small or medium or large business organization, take into consideration the elements and force of their external environment. It is necessary for us to discuss the various environment of a business. ELEMENTS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT military action ENVIRONMENT OF AN ORGANIZATION: Fig. 4. [pic] Sources: Onuoha: Management (1999:121) ELEMENTS OF DIRECT fulfil ENVIRONMENT. Direct-action elements are elements of the environment that directly influence a business organization’s activities. about multitude prefer to refer to â€Å"direct-action” as the task environment.The direct-action environment is made up of stakeholde r. The stakeholders fall into two categories: away and Internal stakeholders. Stakeholders are defined as somebody or groups that are directly or indirectly affected by business organization’s pursuit of its objectives. INTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS: These are groups or individuals such as employees, shareholders that are not strictly part of a business organization’s environment but for whom an individual manager remains responsible. They are a part of the environment for which an individual manager is responsible.EMPLOYEES: The employees of a business organization render go. They also involve in the production of goods or services which the business organization sell. Therefore, managers must ever so anticipate to get the right caliber of workers in the men, SHAREHOLDERS: The shareholders are primarily participationed in the return on investment but in recent time, managers and shareholders have become gratifyed in how a business is run. The governing structure of a l arge company allows shareholders to influence a company by usage their voting rights. MANAGEMENT:The circumspection of an organization is responsible for the smooth running of the organization while they mountain with multiple shareholders and balancing conflicting claims. EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS: CUSTOMERS: Consumers are those people and organizations that buy the organization’s products and services. They therefore, exchange resources, usually in form of money. Their patronage or lack of it determines whether a business organization’s trading operations forget be successful or not. Customers and grocery store situation determines selling tactics that should be apply by the organization in trade the organization’s products or services.Usually, a merchandising manager analyses the effectiveness customers and mart conditions and direct a marketplaceing company based on that analysis. Globacom managers understands this, that is wherefore they make sure th at their product quality is unbeatable and determines less so that competitors will not have an hedge over them in the market. They also make sure that they have their products readily available for distributors at all time, and this they do by having depots all over the nation. SUPPLIERS: Suppliers are those people and organizations that provide the materials, equipment and spare parts with which business organizations operate.Every organization buys inputs †raw materials, services, energy, equipment and stab †from the environment and uses them to produce output. What the organization brings in from the environment and what it does with the price of its final products. Organizations are therefore dependent upon suppliers of materials and labour and will try to take advantage of rivalry among suppliers to obtain get off prices, better quality work and faster deliveries. GOVERNMENT: In Nigeria, the relationship between government and business organizations has been tha t of restrictive control in nature. authorities had acted as a protector of business through maintaining domestic peace and security. Government has shown engross in the private sector of the economy and this they do by regulating the activities of all productive organizations to public interest and reinforcing laws and handing agencies or regulatory bodies to learn that these laws are adhered to. equivalent consumers and environment advocates, are social critics who use the political crop to further a position on particular issues. Managers have to study and defect groups formed to oppose the company on any issue.Special interest groups can use the media to gain attention; therefore managers must take both present and future day special interest groups into account when ambit organization strategy. MEDIA: The economy and business activity have always been covered by the media, since these topics affect so many people. There is an gain reports of business activities in the m edia, therefore, managers who regularly deals with the media should lots seek for professional coaching to improve their ability to present information and opinions clearly and effectively. cut into UNIONS:Labour Unions seek to improve the quality of work-life of members of another by giving workers to a greater extent control over what they do and how they do it. Managers through collective talk terms try to negotiate wages, working conditions, hours, etc. They have improved workers sense of responsibility and participation. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Business organizations depend on a variety of financial institutions, including commercial banks, investment banks and insurance companies to supply specie for maintaining and expanding their activities. Both old and new or well established business may rely on short-term loans to build new facilities.Managers have to establish and maintain a working relationship with these institutions. COMPETITORS: A firm must always seek to incr comfort its market share by gaining additional customers or it must beat its competitors in entering and exploiting and expanding market. These it must do by defining its marketing strategy. ELEMENTS OF INDIRECT-ACTION ENVIRONMENT: These are elements of the external environment that affect the clime in which a business organization’s activities take place, but do not affect the business organization directly Stoner et al (1996:63).Some people refer to indirect-action as the â€Å"General environment”. The following are factors that influence business organization in an indirect-action environment:- ECONOMIC VARIABLES: These are factors, such as inflations, recessions, price stability, tax, etc, that affects business. These are general sparing conditions and trends that may be factors in an organization. Other important stinting variables are capital, economic stability and government fiscal policies. In addition to the above economic controls, Farmer and Richman (19 65:56), identified three other economic variables, one of them they referred to as factor endowment”, which is the extent to which a country has available natural resources, comme il faut and useful labour, and capital which can be employed for efficient production. another(prenominal) one is the size of market and the third major pervasive economic constraint is the extent to which social overhead capital is available. mixer VARIABLES: These are factors such as demographics, lifestyles and social values that may influence and organization from its external environment. insurance-making VARIABLES: These are factors that may influence an organization’s activities as a result of political process or climate.The political process involves competition between different interest groups, each seeking to boot out its own values and goals. Political levelheaded variable also refer to political and legal environment which relate primarily to compel of laws, regulations and government agencies and their actions which affects all kinds of enterprises. TECHNOLOGICAL VARIABLES: One of the most pervasive factors in the environment is technology. The term ‘Technology’ refers to the sum correspond of knowledge we have of ways to do things, which affects an organization’s activities. APPROACHES TO well-disposed tariff.By approaches to social responsibility, we mean the lore or view of people about the concept. While it is no longer new that social responsibility of business is necessary, there is still no consensus on what in truth constitutes social responsibility. The various perceptions of social responsibility are: i. Social obligation ii. Social Reactions iii. Social Responsiveness. social OBLIGATION: Those who hold this view of social responsibility believes that once the organization does what is expected of it by the law, that it is socially responsible. They believe that the major role of business in the society is to make c lear.Once this objective is achieved inwardly the ambit of the law, the business is socially responsible. Their target therefor4e is to comely government well-worns and not to exceed it even if it would benefit society more. The proponents of social obligation believe that the initiative obligation of business is to return high profit to its shareholders for whom it is primarily accountable. The also believe that the duty of instruction execution social programmes is that of the government and not business. Organizations are socially responsible when they pay taxes to government to enable it embark on these programmes.Furthermore, the cost of social responsibility will ultimately be added to the cost of the goods and services offered by the companies, thereby leading to high(prenominal) prices. This then message that it is the people who are paying for social service and not the company. SOCIAL REACTIONS: This view of social responsibility believes that business must be conce rned about the social costs of its activities. It should exceed legal set targets in its attempt to responsible behavior. In doing this, it is helping to solve some of the societal problems arising from activities and even those that are traceable to it.Social reaction therefore according to Seithi (1976:66) mean behavior in reaction to soon ordinary social norms, values and expectations to various groups in the society for it to be socially responsible. Consequently any business that does not react favorably to the demands of societal groups is not socially responsible even if it means its legal obligation to society. SOCIAL RESPONSIVENESS: Business is socially responsible if its actions are anticipatory and preventive or else of reactive and restorative Seithi, (1976:70).To this group, social responsibility means acting in anticipation of the future needs of society. A socially responsive organization sees itself as part of the society and as such takes stand on public issues and contributes its quota toward figure out societal problems. It does not have to wait for groups to make demands on it forrader it acts rather, it initiates social programmes which it feels would help society and execute them without incite from any quarters. 2. 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GLOBACOM NIGERIA LIMITED:Globacom Limited is a Nigeria multinational telecommunication company. Glo is a privately owned telecommunication company that started operations on the 29th August, 2003 in Nigeria. Globacom is privately owned by Mike Adenuga Group which consists of Equitorial Trust Bank, Conoil Plc. , and a petroleum marketing company producing a crude exploration company. The sole aim of introducing and lunching Globacom in Nigeria on the 29th of August, 2003 was to provide telecommunication service to the people of Nigeria as a means of result the problem of inadequate communication flow.Although Glo Mobil was the fourth telecommunication operator in Nigeria, at bottom seven yea rs of the company’s operation, its subscriber base has big(p) to over 25 million. Glo has an estimate of over 25 million subscribers. It has a study as one of the fastest growing multinational immune carrier in the world and the vision for Glo is to be the biggest and best carrier in Africa. Globacom currently operates in four countries in West Africa namely Republic of Benin, Ghana, Ivory lantern slide and Nigeria. Its Headquarter is in Lagos, Nigeria because it is 100 percent a Nigerian owned company.According to Globacom Annual Report: (2009:6). In August, 2003, Glo ready was launched in Nigeria and it introduced lower tariffs, pay per second bursting charge and along other value added services. Glo Mobile is a subsidiary of Glo, its Glo Mobile Network Unit. Globacom ability to become the best telecommunication company in Africa and all over the world is due to the strategies they bod in other to carry out their business smoothly. An example of their strategic busin ess units are, Globacom Broad Access, Glo Gateway, Glo 1 hero cable, etc.In 2005, Glo Mobile introduced Glo fleet manager which is the most nationwide Vehicle Tracking solution offered to save time and money. Glo fleet manager helps managers, transporters fleet operator manage their fleet effectively and efficiently. They also introduced the Glo Mobile profits go which provides subscribers with speed access to all democratic Internet sites which have been customized for wandering(a) phone browsing. The company in 2006 introduced Black Berry (A) which is the leading radio solution that keeps mobile professionals around the world affiliated to people and information.In 2009, Globacom launched Blackberry prepaid service which gives subscribers options to pay daily, weekly or monthly for the service The company now provides coverage to over 85 cities and towns and well over 5000 communities and villages spinning every geo-political zone and 36 of Nigeria’s States. Globacom products and services are available at its friendship centers which have a structure and some departments. It also have nationwide network of dealership, banks and whatchamacallum channels where its products are sold. Under the chairmanship of Otunba Michael Adeniyi Ishola Adenuga Jr. Globacom has morose out to become the fastest and best telecommunication industry in West Africa. Recently, in June, 2008, Glo mobile was launched in Republic of Benin. Glo Mobile showed unprecedented growth through sales of 600,000 Sim Cards in the prototypal ten days of operation. Glo acquired an operating license through its Glo Mobile division in Ghana and currently has about 11 millions subscribers in Ghana, and in 2009, the company acquired submarine cable landing rights and international accession services in Ivory Coast.Globacom Nigeria Limited is a leading telecommunication company in Nigeria, which has been at the forefront of promoting sustainable development and high standards of corpo rate governance and is one of the few signatories that keep meet to the convention of business integrity. According to Frank Nweke, (2006. 5. defender newspaper) â€Å"Glo is an authentic Nigeria Company. What is has achieved in the past years demonstrates cracking potentials, great opportunities, drive for excellence and commitment to Nigeria”.The Nigeria discourse Commission awarded the company as the second national operator driven by the success of Globacom in Nigeria. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL business. The concept â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility” has been defined in many ways †Most writers on social responsibility see the concept as a disposition of an organization to exhibit â€Å"Missionary rather than â€Å"Mercenary” lieu towards the society. Holmes and watts (2000:19) on behalf of the World Business Council for Sustainable reading provide a reasonable representative commentary as:The continuing commitment by busi ness to behave honorablely and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and other families as well as Those of the local community and society at large. Caroll (1979:96) proposed a four-part explanation of corporate social responsibility. It consists of Economic, intelligent, ethical and Altruistic or discretionary corporate social responsibility. â€Å"The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that the society ask of organization at a given point in time”. Caroll (1979:98).An organization’s economic responsibility to the society entails producing goods and services that society wants and setting them at a fairly price that society wants and accepts. The goods and services must be of quality standard. The Legal responsibility that a company has to its society is to postdate with the law and â€Å"play by the rules of the game”. (Lantos 2001:6). Ethical responsibility dramatises the range of norms, standards and expectations that reflect a concern for what consumers, employees, share-holders and the community regard as fair, exclusively or in keeping with respect for or trade protection of stakeholders example rights.Caroll, (1997:100). Discretionary responsibilities are purely conscious and often guided by the personal values of an individual at heart a company. They go beyond the legal and are not generally expected in ethical sense. Caroll definition remains a useful basis for analysis as it encompasses the all important(p) elements of a company’s responsibility to society. According to Andrews (1977:43), the concept of corporate social responsibility can be described as the intelligent and objective concern which constrain individuals no matter how profitable, and leads them in the direction of the positive contribution to human betterment.Luttons and Hodget (1976: 24) renowned it as the means to pursue those policies, to make decision, or to follow these line of action which are suitable in terms of objective and value of the society. Imoiseh (1985:27) far-famed that the major limitation of these conceptions about social responsibility is the failure to take into account:’ i. Who determines what action of an organization constitutes social responsibility? ii. Where should be the â€Å"arena” for the organization to perform social responsibility?Corporate social responsibility can be best soundless in terms of the changing relationship between business and society. The European Commission’s (2001. vol6:22) greenness Paper on Corporate social responsibility defines CSR as â€Å"a concept whereby companies decide voluntarily to contribute to a better society and a cleaner environment”.. According to Caroll, (1979:56) corporate social responsibility is about businesses and other organizations going beyond the legal, obligations to manage the impact they have on the environment and society.In particular, this could admit how organizations interact with their employees, suppliers, customers and the communities in which they operate, as well as the extent they attempt to protect the environment. The judgement of a company look beyond profit to their role in society is generally termed corporate social responsibility, involves a company linking itself with ethical, values, transparency, employee relations, compliance with legal requirements and overall respect for the community in which the operate.It goes beyond the occasional community service action, however, as CSR is a corporate philosophy that drives strategic decision making, teammate selection, hiring practices and ultimately brand development Corporate social responsibility also known as corporate responsibilities, corporate citizenship, responsible business or corporate social performance, is a form of corporate self regulation integrated into a business model.Lately, CSR policy would function as a business built-in, self regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure it bond to law, ethical standards, and international norms. Business would embrace responsibility for the impact of their activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere, furthermore, business would proactively promote the public interest by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality.Essentially CSR is the deliberate comprehension of public interest into corporate decision making and the honoring of a triple bottom line: People, Planet and Profit. The entirety of corporate social responsibility can be discerned from the three words obtained within its title phrase: ‘Corporate’, ‘Social’, and ‘Responsibility’. Therefore, in broad terms, corporate social responsibility covers the responsibilities corporations or other profit organizations have to the society within which they are based and operate.More specifically, corporate social responsibility involves a business identifying its stakeholder groups and incorporating in their needs and values within the strategic and day-to-day decision-making process. CATEGORIES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: Public relations scholars have classified corporate social responsibility into various categories. Sam Black’s four categories of corporate social responsibility are Enterprise, Education, Arts and market-gardening and environment. Of recent, many organizations added sports to their corporate social responsibility activities.Again, Seithi (1987) provides what he calls a partial list of social responsibility categories to include being responsible for: ? Product Lines; not producing dangerous products, maintaining good product standard that are environmentally safe. ? Marketing Practices; resp onding to consumer complaints setting fair prices and maintaining fair advertising message contents. ? Employee Services; training, counseling, granting allowances for the welfare of employees. ? Corporate Philanthropy; contributing to community development activities and involving social projects. Environmental Activities; embarking on pollution control projects, adherence to federal standards and evaluation procedures of new packages to ensure ease of disposal or possible recycling. ? Employee Safety and health; setting effective work environment policies, stroke safeguard, food and medical facilities. Through these categories of corporate social responsibility, a company is able to provide a healthy business environment for its operations and contribute to the well-being of the community 2. 3 CURRENT LITERATURE ON THEORIES AS POSTULATED.ARGUMENT AGAINST CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The most eminent personality against social responsibility is the late Milton Friedman who ar gued against social responsibility on social and economic ground. Milton Friedman in his word said that â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business †to use resources and engage in activities design to increase its profit so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engage in open and free competition without deception or charade”.He argues that managers are agents to stakeholders but if they spend corporate gold for social purpose they are essentially thieving from stakeholders. David Henderson puts it as follows †companies will best discharged the responsibilities which specifically belong to them by taking advantageousness as a guide, subject always acting within the law, and that they should not go out of their way to define and promote wider self chosen objective. Some arguments are stated thus:- LESS ECONOMIC EFFIENCY: The primary task of business is to maximize profit by focusing strictly on economic activities. This school of thought believes that concentrating resources in the social area could lead to less economic efficiency and therefore actually become outrageal to the society. It holds that when business organization concentrates resources that cogitate to be used for other meaningful economic activities on social arrears, the tendency is that, it will pare the economic efficiency of the organization which may not argue well for the society at large.Social involvement could reduce economic efficiency, ? EXCESSIVE COST THAN BENEFITS TO ball club: Cost incurred in undertaking some of these social responsibility programmes are higher than the benefits society will derive from them and business organization knows the way of crack this burden to society in terms of rhytidectomy prices of their product or services to excessive levels to the detriment of the consumers. Invariably, society still bears the burden. VIOLATION OF BUSINESS DECISION-MAKING: There is a believe that undertakin g some social responsibility activities violates sound economic business decision making that should rightfully concentrate on earning profit. ? TO lose OF SKILLS ON THE PART OF MANAGERS DETERMINE SOCIALLY suitable PROJECTS: Managers are neither trained nor do them posses the skills and knowledge of resources to determine which social desirable project to support. tied(p) where they have the knowledge, it may not be easily as they think because of the technicality involved. THERE IS not COMPLETE SUPPORT FOR INVOLVEMENT IN SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: Consequently, disagreements among groups with different viewpoints will cause friction. However, it should be noted that Friedman criticism was directed solely against the introduction of corporate social responsibility within profit-making business organizations in the private sectors. ARGUMENT FOR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: The arguments for social responsibility rest on the vox populi that accepting social responsibility is the correct mor al position of the firm.People who argue in favour of social responsibility claims that our modern industrial society faces many serious social problems brought by larger corporations such as water, land and air pollution and resources depletion, they should play a major role in solving this problem. They also argued that because businesses are legally defined entities with most of the same privileges as private citizens, business should not try to avoid its obligation as citizens.Advocates of social responsibility points out that while government organizations have stretched their budget to their limit many large businesses often have surplus revenue that could potentially be used to help solve social problems. Another more general reason for social responsibility is profit itself. For example, organizations that make clear and visible contributions to its society can achieve enhanced regulation and profit benefit at the long run. Other factors on which the argument for social resp onsibility is based are :- ? The improvement of internal opportunities and the creation of better contrast environment. The business firms controls so many resources and can move over some of the resources to the betterment of the society. ? Social investments create a favourable public image thus a firm may attract customers, employees and investors. ? It is better to prevent problems than to cure them. It may be easier to help loyal unemployed than to cope with social unrest. ? Social responsibility actions may increase profit in the long-run. There are certain actions of the business in relation to social responsibility which may increase the company’s profitability.For example, identifying consumer needs and wants, producing goods tailored to these needs may not produce desired result in the short run but on the long run. More profit can be know with increase in productivity. Social responsibility makes business organization have more concern for society. Businesses m ust be concerned about society’s interest and needs because society is affected by business operation. FACTORS MOTIVATING THE ADOPTION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Business operates in a global market where companies are increasing in the public eye.It is difficult for companies to hide in discrepancies as they are super visible and vulnerable to attacks from stakeholders. Companies need to be tippy to societal anxiety if they are to avoid detriment to their temperament. These anxieties changes over time as different issues come into the public eye. So companies must be dynamic in the way they respond. The main factors that may motivate companies to carry out social responsibility are stakeholder management, financial performance, consumer force per unit area, happen management, attracting employees and personal values. STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT:Stakeholder management is a generally accepted concept in the business community. Stakeholders have been discarded as â₠¬Å"the groups and individual who benefit from or are harmed by, and whose rights are violated or respected by, corporate actions (Freeman 2006:20). Increasingly, corporations are prompt to become more socially responsible because their most importantly stakeholders expect them to understand and address the social and community issues that are relevant to them. Understanding what causes are important to employees is business benefits that can be derived rom change magnitude employee engagement that is, more loyalty, improved recruitment, increase retention, high productivity and so on. Greater media exposure, environmental and health related incidents resulting from site management or planning decisions have ensured that effective management of stakeholders has rise up the list of priorities for company managers. The various stakeholders a company may have are shown in the model below: Fig. 3. [pic] Source: Onuoha: Management (1999:106). Some questions may be asked, if business is to be responsible to the society, whom in society must it be responsible to?Society today consists of a wide range of people who have interests, expectations and demands as to what companies and organizations ought to provide, and the ways in which they should behave. Companies are increasingly embracing these stakeholder groups and individuals, whether by considering or including them in decision-making. The motivation here is for business to become involved in corporate social responsibility by addressing the wide range and constant set of demands made by stakeholders. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE:Since the early 1980s a significant body of corporate social responsibility research has centered on the debate over the relationship between corporate social responsibility and strong financial performance. Government agencies and organizations promoting the corporate social responsibility agenda seems to be convinced that, assuming a social responsibility role will bring financial gain to th e business world. Social responsibility is a powerful way of making sustainable competitive profit and achieving lasting values for the shareholders as well as for the stakeholders.Therefore being involved in social responsibility is a win- win opportunity not just for companies and financial investors but also for the society at large. Research carried out has shown that there is a good relationship between social performance and financial benefit. That is, organizations that are involved in social responsibility activities stands out to gain financial reward at the long-run and this has been a motivating factor to the organization adoption of corporate social responsibility.Furthermore, McWilliams and Siegel (1979:88) predict that there is a neutral relationship between social responsibility activities and company’s financial performance. In their study, they investigated this relationship using a theory of the firm’s perspective, economic scale and cost benefit anal yses. Their main conclusions were: †The neutral relationship exists because the company that carries out social responsibility activities will have higher cost but higher revenue. While the company that has no social responsibility activities sill have lower cost and lower revenue, thus, profit is equal. Large firms will have lower average cost for providing social responsibility activities than small companies. †There are best levels that will maximize profit while strong the demand for social responsibility from multiple stakeholders. The sample levels of social responsibility can be determined by cost benefit analysis. CONSUMERS: Consumer’s pressure and damage to the global image of a universal brand is one of the reasons why companies may be motivated to assume the mantle of social responsibility.Much recent pressure has centered on the protection of the environment, example campaign against water pollution (Niger Delta Regions), road maintenance, consumers protection, protection of human rights, safeguarding jobs, etc. In Nigeria, organizations and agencies like National Food and Drug Administration Campaign, Standard Organization of Nigeria and National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, has been an advocate for consumer’s protection especial in the current climate of concern about public health.It is high visibleness consumer related concern such as these that will force more and more companies into adopting principles of social responsibility. risk MANAGEMENT: Risk management centers on problems that can be caused by consumer’s pressure. However, today’s management encompasses a wider range of stakeholders, each of which must be considered if a company is to avoid variety pitfalls and protect its reputation. Companies often conduct business in areas where they can be at low risk especially working in a densely populated area or with companies with irresponsible practices.Social responsibility activities can be use to mitigate this risk. The increased exposure of companies to the glare of public scrutiny has further business to increase transparency in their environmental and social disclosures. This has led to a growing trend reporting and a commitment of sustainability of social performance. EMPLOYEES: many a(prenominal) studies has shown that investing in employees can bring direct benefits to a company both financially and in terms of increased employee loyalty and productivity.Such investment can include schemes like provision of healthcare services to employees, childcare facilities, flexible work hours and job sharing. Employee’s investment is an essential aspect of social responsibility as the workforce is also the community, especially in companies where a substantial portion of employees are possible to come from the local community. Involving employees in social responsibility activities is another way in investing in them. Good social performance also provides companies with a competitive advantage when attracting a skilled force.Applicants are more likely to pursue jobs from socially responsible companies than companies with poor social responsibility performance reputation; they feel that they will have a higher self image when working for responsible companies. ad hominem VALUES: Companies and individual within an organization may be motivated to carry out social responsibility for moral reasons. Managers of organization may carryout social responsibility activities because of the respect accorded to them for being involved in such activities by members of the society.This approach to corporate social responsibility is described in literature as involuntary or philanthropic social responsibility. But this approach has been questioned by a number of commentators splendidly Milton Friedman (1970:30) who argued that, â€Å"the social responsibility of business is to increase its profit”. And even more recently by Lantos (2001:56) who argu es that voluntary social responsibility lies outside the scope of business responsibility.The answer lies in the personal values and principles of some individuals in business who argues that it is fundamentally the right thing to do. THE BENEFITS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: Drucker emphasizes the importance of the make of social responsibility by business and by managers. This responsibility can no longer be based on the assumption that the self-interest of the proprietor of property will lead to the public good, or that self-interest and public good can be kept apart and considered to have nothing to do with each other.On the contrary, it requires of the manager that he assume responsibility for the public good, that he subordinate his actions to an ethical standard of conduct, and that he restrains his self-interest and his authority wherever their lick would infringe upon the common weal and upon the freedom of the individual. An tiro business recognizes that it is in its own interest to be socially responsible, since an enhanced public image is more likely to be attractive to investors †employees, customers, consumers, suppliers and most community and government.Companies addressing issues related to the right of indigenous people have reaped a lot of benefits. Some of the benefits accruing to business organization that is involved in social responsibility include the following. 1. ENHANCED REPUTATION: Good company performance in relation to sustainability issues can both build reputation while poor performance when assailable can damage brand value. In the course of this research work, it was noted that Globacom Nigeria Limited has a very good reputation in the community where it exists. II. increase ABILITY TO RECRUIT, DEVELOP AND RETAIN STAFF:These can be direct or indirect. The 1999 business morals study found that employees are more likely to be loyal when they believe their workplace has ethical practices. An organization that enga ges in corporate social responsibility will have dedicated and productive employees. IIIBETTER dealing WITH GOVERNMENT: The formal and informal license to operate is a key issue for many companies facial expression to extend their business. Diligence in meeting social and environmental concerns can result in a reduction in red tape and a more cooperative relationship with government departments.A good relationship with government can give a company significant competitive benefit in terms of gaining a social license to operate from local community, particularly in the resource sector with regard to gaining access to scarce reserves. IV. ENJOYING PREFERRED BUSINESS PARTNER STATUS: Given the opportunity to accept among several bidders for a potential project, some governments are more likely to choose a company with the best reputation with respect to indigenous relations and human rights practices.For instance, Globacom Nigeria has gained a lot of good reputation in the government circle and these are shown by the different award that the management has received both nationally and internationally. When companies take a strategic approach to corporate social responsibility, it would have a positive effect on mainstream business performance. Records have shown how benefits go beyond performance and also how benefits go beyond the long-term intangible measures of success to include direct financial measures (mostly in developing countries).CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOCUS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY: Service industries such as the banking; insurance retail and telecommunication industries are generally perceived as corporate ‘bodies’ and have an image of modern and clean business. Although, their direct social and environmental foot print is often relatively small; their role as market gatekeepers means that they can have substantial influence. Corporate social responsibility leaders in these sectors tend to be motivated by the strategic need to innovate in fast moving industries as well as the competitive â€Å"war for endowment”.The telecommunication industry is the fastest growing sector in Nigeria. As such, corporate social responsibility is a strategy used by these companies to gain their ground and to provide sustainable development to the country and to their host community. They focus on the potentials of information communication technologies to empower enterprise development, educational opportunities and the capacity to respond to emergencies. Developments such as tele-banking, internet trade and others has the potential to save energy, paper and the need to travel, reducing air pollution, and resources waste.However, despite these opportunities, there are a number of problematic issues such as: i. Concerns about the environment and health implication of new technologies ii. The emergence of a â€Å"bridge” between those who have access to educational, health and opportunities through info rmation communication technology and those who do not. iii. Tension between the drive for efficiency and profitability and the need to meet legislated â€Å"universal service obligation” to provide access for all.Many companies in the telecommunication industry are aligning themselves towards the commercial opportunities that sustainable devel\r\n'