'Causes of Separation of East and West Pakistan\r'

'The separation of eastern hemisphere Pakistan was a big setback to Pakistan. By 1970, sen mnts for national unity had vitiated in easterly Pakistan to the extent that constant mesh amidst the two Wings dramatically erupted into galvanic pile civil disorder. This tragically resulted in the brutal and untrained am identifyation of Pakistan’s eastmostern Wing. The Bangladesh Liberation War was a South Asian struggle of independence in 1971 which established the s all overeign nation of Bangladesh.The contend face east Pakistan and India against tungsten Pakistan, and blend ined over a era of nine months. Popular prudence has, thus far, focussed on the Pakistani forces‘s litigate against the Bengalis, or on the India-Pakistan fight. However, east Pakistan in 1971 was at the same time a battleground for m any(prenominal) different kinds of lurid conflict that included militant rebellion, mob violence, force crackdown on a civilian population, urban terr orism to full-scale war between India and Pakistan. It witnessed large-scale atrocities, the hejira of 10 million refugees and the displacement of 30 million people.Begali nationalists decl ard independence ( demo 26, 1971). The Pakistani Army assay to regain control in East Pakistan and pull terrible atrocities. Indian troops entered the war and apace bucked the Pakistani Army. The Pakistanis conceded sweep over ( declination 16, 1971). ch strainman Yahya caravansary resIgned. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over Pakistan and recognized Bangladesh as an commutative country.Causes which take to the civil war 1971Geographically Divided Nation Tensions between East and due west Pakistan existed from the concept of Pakistan (1947). Pakistan was an odd creation wIth the two parts, East and West Pakistan associated by more than 1,000 miles. The two parts of Pakistan shared few cultural and social traditions other than Islam.The fusion of east and west on the basis of Islam condu ct to the licking of Bengali nationalism. The lack of common bonds was accentuated when governmental figures in the West seized control of the juvenile state, dominating twain political and economic office. The military governments which gave little attention to political demands in East Pakistan only(prenominal) promoted discord. As a result, the resentment in East Pakistan little by little grew.Awami uniteThe Awami League was founded as a an opposition political party in East Pakistan soon after Pakistani independence (1949). The League has a moderately collectivist ideology as was widespread in the new independent countries emerging from European colonial empires. Cofounder dandy Mujibur Rahman assumed leadership a few historic period easyr (1953). Disturbed by the dominate agency of West Pakistan leasers, Rahman demanded a more equitable dispersion of power (1966). His plan called for a federation of East and West Pakistan which would puzzle given EastPakistan a aim of autonomy.Elections 1970The first democratic elections in Pakistan were held in 1970 with the Awami League winning with a substantial major(ip)ity. However Yahya caravanserai banned the Awami League and declared martial right after talks on sharing power failed. Bhutto was famously heard saying â€Å"break the legs” if any member of Peoples Party attend the inaugural posing at the National Assembly. Fearing on capitalization on West Pakistan, West-Pakistanis fears of East Pakistani separatist, and Bhutto demanded to form a coalition with Mujib.both Mujib and Bhutto were agreed upon the coalition government, with Bhutto as President and Mujib as Prime minister. The Military government and planetary Yahya Khan was kept unaware of such of these increases. Both Bhutto and Mujib continued a political pressure on Khans military government. Pressured by his own military government, superior general Yahya Khan postp geniusd the inaugural session, and ordered to arrest Mu jib and put Bhutto on house arrest.Bengali Language MovementIn 1948, the Government of the prescript of Pakistan ordained Urdu as the sole national language, sparking bulky protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Bengal. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new righteousness, the government interdict public meetings and rallies. The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on twenty-first February 1952.The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest led by the Awami Muslim League, later renamed the Awami League. After long time of conflict, the central government relented and granted appointed locating to the Bengali language in 1956, which was too late to diminish the the hatefulness East Pakistanis had for Urdu speakers.Non Bengali MuslimsNon-Bengali Muslims from the northwards Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who had migrated to East Pakistan (East Bengal) after the partition of India were jointly referred to as â€Å"Biharis” by the Bengalis. Pro-liberation Bengalis assumed these non-Bengalis to be in favour of united Pakistan. But a pregnant minority of Bengalis, including the religious parties, was too for unity.In addition, many Bengalis who voted for dandy Mujib out of a long-standing sense of alienation and a desire for provincial autonomy, may not defy been in favour of outright secession. The profound polarization of politics reached even into individual Bengali families, dividing some of them horizontally †for example the father, who had experienced the creation of Pakistan, back up united Pakistan, while the son, s counsellinged by the oratory of beau Mujib, joined the fight for an independent Bangladesh.Shifting of the CapitalThe decision of shift of the capital city from Karachi to Islamabad was perhaps a good step taken in the regimen of President Ayyub Khan (1960) but it hit the East Pakistanis like a bullet. The Bengalis said that massive development was taking place in West Pakistan and it was be financed from the m sensationy that belonged to East Pakistan entirely.Biased Nature of West PakistanInspite of the tell protest by the East Pakistanis, they were discriminated in the appointments in the jobs. The development funds were not given to them h wizstly. The East Pakistanis developed a colonial attitude towards the Bengalis.Causes of the defeat in east pakistan operating room SearchlightA planned military peacefulness carried out by the Pakistan Army †codenamed operating theatre Searchlight †started on 25 March to curb the Bengali nationalist movement by taking control of the major cities on 26 March, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military, within one month. Before the number one of the operation, all foreign journalists were systematically deported from East Pa kistan.The principal(prenominal) phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali work force in mid-May. The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. These systematic killings served only to enrage the Bengalis, which ultimately resulted in the secession of East Pakistan later in the same year. The international media and lengthiness books in English have published happening figures which vary greatly, from 5,000â€35,000 in Dhaka, and 200,000â€3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole, and the atrocities have been referred to as acts of genocide.Mukti BahiniIndian Secret Intelligence Services form an Anti Pakistan Wing East Pakistan named as Mukti Bahini signification Freedom fighters or Liberation Army, which actively participated in persuading Population of East Pakistan to demand for a separate country. The Pakistan Army launched military operations against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and fortify personnel aft er sundown on March 25, 1971.In response, Bangladesh declared independence and Bengali military and paramilitary organisation personnel, as well as civilians, started spontaneous defense against the aggression. This was the formation of the Mukti Bahini. The armed forces as well as the paramilitary and civilian forces who fought alongside them for the liberation of Bangladesh are referred to as the Mukti Bahini.Involvement of IndiaWary of the growing involvement of India, the Pakistan mental strain take in (PAF) launched a preemptive strike on Indian Air Force bases on 3 declination 1971. The attack was modelled on the Israeli Air Forces Operation Focus during the Six-Day War, and intended to neutralise the Indian Air Force planes on the ground. The strike was seen by India as an open act of unprovoked aggression. This marked the official start of the Indo-Pakistani War.As a response to the attack, both India and Pakistan formally acknowledged the â€Å"existence of a state of war between the two countries”, even though neither government had formally issued a Declaration of War.Third Indian-Pakistani War, December 1971Indo-Pakistani relations deteriorated yet again. This time the civil war in East Pakistan was the principal cause. After Pakistani channelise strikes, Indian troops entered the war (December 1971). India invaded East Pakistan in part in response to the charges of atrocities and the fluctuate of refugees entering India. Pakisdtan conducted air raids on Indian air ports and airfields. Indians Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, addressed the nation by intercommunicate and proclaimed that the the Pakistani war against Bangladesh has become one against their homeland. The Indians quickly defeated the Pakistani Army.Military CausesWest Pakistanis had poor equipment and an deficient number of aircrafts which made it easier for the Indians to defeat the west Pakistanis. The 14 F-86s that were stationed in Dhaka had no night time flying ca pability. Their military weakness also became one of the strongest reason for failing in 1971 war.The air and naval warThe Indian Air Force carried out several(prenominal) sorties against Pakistan, and within a hebdomad, IAF aircraft dominated the skies of East Pakistan. It achieved near-total air supremacy by the end of the first week as the entire Pakistani air dependent upon(p) in the east, PAF No.14 Squadron, was grounded because of Indian and Bangladesh air strikes at Tejgaon, Kurmitolla, Lal Munir eyelid and Shamsher Nagar.Sea Hawks from INS Vikrant also struck Chittagong, Barisal and Coxs Bazar, destroying the eastern wing of the Pakistan navy and effectively blockading the East Pakistan ports, in that locationby slip off any escape routes for the stranded Pakistani soldiers. The nascent Bangladesh Navy (comprising officers and sailors who defected from the Pakistani Navy) aided the Indians in the marine warfare, carrying out attacks, most notably Operation Jackpot.Islol ation from the entire worldNeither America nor China was willing to embody the Pakistanis because both thought that in East Pakistan there was a popular uprising of the people and both would not have suppressed it.Existential fearBack then, the Pakistani force was accused of forming militia groups to do its bidding in East Pakistan. This existential fear of a bigger, distant India is central to Pakistans security paradigm. In 1971 this fear was reinforced by the crucial role India played in the break up of Pakistan. For India, the situation became serious when more or less 10 million Bengali refugees crossed the compose into its territory. There was a humanitarian crisis, but also an opportunity to cut Pakistan down to size.Aftermath and give upThe Pakistani army haveed at Dhaka (December 16, 1971). More than 90,000 Pakistanis, mostly West Pakistanis, became Indian prisoners of war. President Yahya Khan resigned.Bangladesh and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over Pakistan. The surre nder led to the disintegration of East and West Pakistan and the foundation of Bangladesh. After 25 years, the East Pakistanis declared themselves independent and renamed their Province as Bangladesh.The final reaction of the nationReaction to the defeat and dismemberment of half the nation was a black loss to top military and civilians alike. No one had expected that they would lose the formal war in under a fortnight, and there was also unsettlement over what was perceived as a meek surrender of the army in East Pakistan. Yahya Khans dictatorship collapsed and gave way to Bhutto, who took the opportunity to rise to power.General Niazi, who surrendered along with 93,000 troops, was viewed with suspicion and disrespect upon his return to Pakistan. He was shunned and branded a traitor. The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistans declared strategic belief that the â€Å"defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan”.Pakistan also failed to gather international suppor t, and found itself fighting a lone battle with only the regular army providing any external help. This further embittered the Pakistanis, who had faced the switch military defeat of an army in decades. Pakistan in conclusion recognized Bangladesh at the Islamic Conference in Lahore on February 22, 1974.\r\n'